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05:42, 18 April 2024: 159.196.88.140 (talk) triggered filter 1,297, performing the action "edit" on Ostrogoths. Actions taken: Warn; Filter description: Mixed-use words (examine)

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Following the death of Theodoric, there was a period of instability, eventually tempting the [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Justinian]] to declare war on the Ostrogoths in 535, in an effort to restore the former [[Western Roman Empire|western provinces of the Roman Empire]]. Initially, the Byzantines were successful, but under the leadership of [[Totila]], the [[Goths]] reconquered most of the lost territory until Totila's death at the [[Battle of Taginae]]. [[Gothic War (535–554)|The war]] lasted almost 21 years and caused enormous damage across Italy, reducing the population of the peninsula. Any remaining Ostrogoths in Italy were absorbed into the [[Lombards]], who established [[Lombard Kingdom|a kingdom in Italy]] in 568.
Following the death of Theodoric, there was a period of instability, eventually tempting the [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Justinian]] to declare war on the Ostrogoths in 535, in an effort to restore the former [[Western Roman Empire|western provinces of the Roman Empire]]. Initially, the Byzantines were successful, but under the leadership of [[Totila]], the [[Goths]] reconquered most of the lost territory until Totila's death at the [[Battle of Taginae]]. [[Gothic War (535–554)|The war]] lasted almost 21 years and caused enormous damage across Italy, reducing the population of the peninsula. Any remaining Ostrogoths in Italy were absorbed into the [[Lombards]], who established [[Lombard Kingdom|a kingdom in Italy]] in 568.


As with other Gothic groups, the history of the peoples who made them up before they reached the [[History of the Balkans#Roman period|Roman Balkans]] is difficult to reconstruct in detail. However, the Ostrogoths are associated with the earlier [[Greuthungi]]. The Ostrogoths themselves were commonly referred to simply as Goths even in the 5th century. However, before then they were referred to once, in a poem by [[Claudian]] which associates them with a group of Greuthungi, settled as a military unit in [[Phrygia]]. The 6th century historian of the Goths [[Jordanes]] also equated the Ostrogoths of his time to the Goths ruled by King [[Ermanaric]] in the 4th century, who the Roman writer [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] had called Greuthungi, and described as living between the [[Dniester]] and [[Don (river)|Don]] rivers. These Greuthungi Goths were attacked by [[Huns]] and [[Alans]] from the east, and it was reportedly for this reason that large groups of Goths moved into the Roman Empire, while others became subservient to the Huns.
As with other Gothic groups, the history of the peoples who made them up before they reached the [[History of the Balkans#Roman period|Roman Balkans]] is difficult to reconstruct in detail. However, the Ostrogoths are associated with the earlier [[Greuthungi]]. The Ostrogoths themselves were commonly referred to simply as Goths even in the 5th century. However, before then they were referred to once, in a poem by [[Claudian]] which associates them with a group of Greuthungi, settled as a military unit in [[Phrygia]]. The 6th century historian of the Goths [[Jordanes]] also equated the Ostrogoths of his time to the Goths ruled by King [[Ermanaric]] in the 4th century, who the Roman writer [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] had called Greuthungi, and described as living between the [[Dniester]] and [[Don (river)|Don]] rivers. These Greuthungi Goths were attacked by [[Huns]] and [[Alans]] from the east, and it was reportedly for this reason that large groups of Goths moved into the Roman Empire, while others became subservient to the Huns. The Ostrogoths are really cool


==Goths==
==Goths==

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'{{Short description|5th–6th-century Germanic ethnic group}} {{Infobox tribe | name = Ostrogoths | local name = | type = People | image = Tomb of Theodoric the Great Ravenna (cropped).jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = The [[Mausoleum of Theodoric]] in [[Ravenna]], Italy | ethnicity = Germanic | location = Balkans | varna = | descended = | population = | demonym = | branches = | language = Germanic | religion = | surnames = }} The '''Ostrogoths''' ({{lang-la|Ostrogothi, Austrogothi}}) were a [[Roman-era]] [[Germanic peoples|Germanic people]]. In the 5th century, they followed the [[Visigoths]] in creating one of the two great [[Goths|Gothic]] kingdoms within the [[Western Roman Empire]], drawing upon the large Gothic populations who had settled in the [[Balkans]] in the 4th century. While the Visigoths had formed under the leadership of [[Alaric I]], the new Ostrogothic political entity which came to rule Italy was formed in the Balkans under [[Theodoric the Great]]. Theoderic's family, the [[Amal dynasty]], accumulated royal power in Roman [[Pannonia]] after the death of [[Attila]], and collapse of his [[Hunnic empire]]. [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] [[Zeno (emperor)|Emperor Zeno]] played these Pannonian Goths off against the [[Thracian Goths]] to their south. However, instead the two groups united after the death of the Thracian leader [[Theoderic Strabo]] and his son Recitach. Zeno then backed Theodoric to invade Italy and replace [[Odoacer]] there, whom he had previously supported as its king. In 493, Theodoric established the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] of [[Italy]], when he defeated Odoacer's forces and killed his rival at a banquet. Following the death of Theodoric, there was a period of instability, eventually tempting the [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Justinian]] to declare war on the Ostrogoths in 535, in an effort to restore the former [[Western Roman Empire|western provinces of the Roman Empire]]. Initially, the Byzantines were successful, but under the leadership of [[Totila]], the [[Goths]] reconquered most of the lost territory until Totila's death at the [[Battle of Taginae]]. [[Gothic War (535–554)|The war]] lasted almost 21 years and caused enormous damage across Italy, reducing the population of the peninsula. Any remaining Ostrogoths in Italy were absorbed into the [[Lombards]], who established [[Lombard Kingdom|a kingdom in Italy]] in 568. As with other Gothic groups, the history of the peoples who made them up before they reached the [[History of the Balkans#Roman period|Roman Balkans]] is difficult to reconstruct in detail. However, the Ostrogoths are associated with the earlier [[Greuthungi]]. The Ostrogoths themselves were commonly referred to simply as Goths even in the 5th century. However, before then they were referred to once, in a poem by [[Claudian]] which associates them with a group of Greuthungi, settled as a military unit in [[Phrygia]]. The 6th century historian of the Goths [[Jordanes]] also equated the Ostrogoths of his time to the Goths ruled by King [[Ermanaric]] in the 4th century, who the Roman writer [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] had called Greuthungi, and described as living between the [[Dniester]] and [[Don (river)|Don]] rivers. These Greuthungi Goths were attacked by [[Huns]] and [[Alans]] from the east, and it was reportedly for this reason that large groups of Goths moved into the Roman Empire, while others became subservient to the Huns. ==Goths== {{Main article|Goths|Chernyakhov culture|Oium|Gothic runic inscriptions}} [[File:Chernyakhov.PNG|thumb|{{legend|#0f0|Traditional [[Götaland]]}} {{legend|#f08|Island of [[Gotland]]}} {{legend|#f00|[[Wielbark Culture]], early 3rd century}} {{legend|#f80|[[Chernyakhov culture]], early 4th century}} {{legend|#80f|[[Roman Empire]]}}]] The Ostrogoths were one of several peoples referred to more generally as Goths. The Goths appear in Roman records starting in the third century, in the regions north of the [[Lower Danube]] and [[Black Sea]].{{sfn|Heather|2009|pp=109–110}} They competed for influence and Roman subsidies with peoples who had lived longer in the area, such as the [[Carpi (people)|Carpi]], and various [[Sarmatians]], and they contributed men to the Roman military.{{sfn|Heather|2009|pp=116, 127–128}} Based on their Germanic language and material culture, it is believed that their Gothic culture derived from cultures from the direction of the [[Vistula]] river in the north, now in [[Poland]] and originally from [[Götaland]] (in English Western and Eastern Gothlands) and [[Gotland]] in present-day [[Sweden]].{{sfn|Heather|2009|pp=115–117}} By the third century, the Goths were already composed of sub-groups with their own names, because the [[Tervingi]], who bordered on the [[Roman Empire]] and the [[Carpathian mountains]], were mentioned separately on at least one occasion.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=24}} The Ostrogoths, not mentioned until later, are associated with the Greuthungi who lived further east. The dividing line between the Tervingi and the Greuthungi, was reported by Ammianus to be the [[Dniester River]], and to the east of the Greuthungi were [[Alans]] living near the River Don.{{sfn|Heather|2009|pp=151–153}} ===Gothic language=== {{Main|Gothic language}} The Ostrogoths in Italy used a Gothic language which had both spoken and written forms, and which is best attested today in the surviving translation of the Bible by [[Ulfilas]]. Goths were a minority in all the places they lived within the Roman empire, and no Gothic language or distinct Gothic ethnicity has survived. On the other hand, the Gothic language texts which the Ostrogothic kingdom helped preserve are the only eastern Germanic language with "continuous texts" surviving, and the earliest significant remnants of any [[Germanic language]].{{efn|A language related to [[Gothic language|Gothic]] was still spoken sporadically in [[Crimea]] as late as the 16th and 17th centuries ([[Crimean Gothic language]]).{{sfn|Dalby|1999|p=229}} Much of the disappearance of the Gothic language is attributable to the Goths' cultural and linguistic absorption by other European peoples during the Middle Ages.{{sfn|Waldman|Mason|2006|p=572}} }} ===Etymology=== {{see|Name of the Goths|Greuthungi#Etymology}} [[File:GNM - Gotische Fibeln.jpg|thumb|upright|Ostrogothic bow-fibulae (c. 500) from [[Emilia-Romagna]], [[Italy]]]] The first part of the word "Ostrogoth" comes from a [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] root ''*auster-'' meaning 'eastern'. According to the proposal of Wolfram, this was originally a boastful tribal name meaning "Goths of the rising sun", or "Goths glorified by the rising sun".{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=25, 387 fn49, 388 fn58}}{{Efn|Wolfram cites Moritz Schönfeld's (1911) work, ''Wörterbuch der altgermanischen personen- und Völkernamen'' as his principal naming source. See: [https://archive.org/details/wrterbuchderaltg00schn/page/39 p. 39]. According to linguist [[Václav Blažek]], this ethnonym shows several written forms in mediaeval records: Austrogoti; Austorgoti; Obstrogoti; Ostrogothi; Ostrogotus; Histrogotus; (H)ostrogothae (or Hostrogothae, Hostrogothi, Hostrogothae, Hostrogothae, Hostrogothi, Ostrogothi, Hostrogothae, Ostrogothi and Ostrogothi - these from the same record, Jordanes's ''Getica''), and Ostrogotthi. See: Blažek, Václav. "[http://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/126015 Visigothae versus Ostrogothae]". In: ''Graeco-Latina Brunensia'' vol. 17, iss. 2. 2012. pp. 17–18.}} By the 6th century, however, Jordanes, for example, believed that the Visigoths and Ostrogoths were two contrasting names simply meaning western and eastern Goths.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=24}}{{sfn|Christensen|2002|p=206}} ==History== ===The Greuthungi and Ostrogothi before the Huns=== {{Further|Greuthungi}} The nature of the divisions of the Goths before the arrival of the Huns is uncertain, but throughout all their history the Ostrogoths are only mentioned by that name very rarely, and normally in very uncertain contexts. Among other Gothic group names, however, they are associated with the Greuthungi. Scholarly opinions are divided about this connection. Historian [[Herwig Wolfram]] sees these as two names for one people as will be discussed below. [[Peter Heather]], in contrast, has written that: <blockquote>Ostrogoths in the sense of the group led by Theodoric to Italy stand at the end of complex processes of fragmentation and unification involving a variety of groups—mostly but not solely Gothic it seems—and the better, more contemporary, evidence argues against the implication derived from Jordanes that Ostrogoths are Greuthungi by another name.{{sfn|Heather|2007|p=404}}</blockquote> Some historians go much further than Heather, questioning whether we can assume any single ethnicity, even Gothic, which united the Ostrogoths before they were politically united by the Amal clan.{{efn|{{harvtxt|Heather|2007}} explains Heather's position in contrast to those of {{harvtxt|Amory|1997}}. Also see {{harvtxt|Kulikowski|2002}}.}} [[File:Gothic Kingdoms.png|thumb|Map of the Gothic migrations and kingdoms]] [[File:230 CE, Europe.svg|thumb|Europe in 230 AD]] One dubious early mention of the Ostrogoths is found in the much later-written ''Historia Augusta'', but it distinguishes the Ostrogoths and Greuthungi. In the article for Emperor [[Claudius Gothicus]] (reigned 268–270), the following list of "[[Scythian]]" peoples is given who had been conquered by the emperor when he earned his title "Gothicus": "''peuci trutungi ''austorgoti'' uirtingi sigy pedes celtae etiam eruli''". These words are traditionally edited by modern scholars to include well-known peoples: "''[[Peuci]], Grutungi, ''Austrogoti'', Tervingi, Visi, Gipedes, [[Celts|Celtae]] etiam et [[Heruli|Eruli]]''" (emphasis added). However, this work is not considered reliable, especially for contemporary terminology.{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=201–205}} The first record of a Gothic sub-group acting in its own name, specifically the [[Tervingi]], was dated from 291.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=24, fn52}}<ref>''[[Panegyrici Latini]]'' XI 17.1 (dated 291)</ref> The [[Greuthungi]], [[Vesi]], and Ostrogothi are all attested no earlier than 388.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=24}} The Ostrogoths were first definitely mentioned more than one hundred years later than the Tervingi in 399, and this is the only certain mention of this name at all before the Amals created their kingdom of Italy. A poem by [[Claudian]] describes Ostrogoths who are mixed with Greuthungi and settled in [[Phrygia]] together as a disgruntled barbarian military force, who had once fought against Rome, but were now supposed to fight for it. Claudian only uses the term Ostrogoth once in the long poem, but in other references to this same group he more often calls them Greuthungi or "[[Getae|Getic]]" (an older word used poetically for Goths in this period). These Goths came to be led into rebellion by [[Tribigild]], a Roman general of Gothic background. Much later [[Zosimus (historian)|Zosimus]] also described Tribigild and his rebellion against the eunuch [[Eutropius (consul 399)|consul Eutropius]]. [[Gainas]], the aggrieved Gothic general sent to fight Tribigild, openly joined forces with him after the death of Eutropius. Zosimus believed that was conspiracy between the two Goths from the beginning.{{efn|Claudian, ''Against Eutropius'', [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/In_Eutropium/2*.html#141A 2.141]; Zosimus, ''New History'', [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/New_History/Book_the_Fifth Book 5]. For commentary see {{harvtxt|Wolfram|1988|pp=24, 387fn52}}, {{harvtxt|Christensen|2002|pages=216–217}} and {{harvtxt|Cameron|1993}}. Note Wolfram describes this as a poem to 392, though as Christensen and Cameron et al. note, it was written after the death of Eutropius the consul (died 399). On the dating of Claudian's poem see {{harvtxt|Long|1996|loc=ch.5}}.}} It is generally believed by historians that this Phrygian settlement of Greuthingi, referred to as including Ostrogoths, were part of the Greuthungi-led force led by [[Odotheus]] in 386, and not the Greuthungi who had entered the empire earlier, in 376 under [[Alatheus and Saphrax]].{{sfn|Heather|1988|p=156}}{{sfn|Christensen|2002|p=214}} Starting with the 6th century writer [[Jordanes]], whose ''[[Getica]]'' is a history of the Ostrogothic Amal dynasty, there is a tradition of simply equating the [[Greuthungi]] with the Ostrogothi.{{sfn|Heather|1996|pp=52–57, 300–301}} Jordanes does not mention the Greuthungi at all by that name, but he identified the Ostrogothic kings of Italy, the Amal dynasty, as the heirs and descendants of king [[Ermanaric]]. Ermanaric was described by Roman soldier and historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] as a king of the Greuthungi, however, the family succession described by the two classical authors is completely different, and Ammianus is considered to be the more reliable source.{{efn|Christensen summarizes the field's position: "There has never been any doubt that of these two conflicting accounts, the one by Ammianus Marcellinus was to be preferred". Christensen especially cites Peter Heather.{{sfn|Heather|1989}}{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=141–157}} }} Jordanes also specified that around 250 (the time of Emperor [[Philip the Arab]] who reigned 244–249) the Ostrogoths were ruled by a king called [[Ostrogotha]] and they either derived their name from this "father of the Ostrogoths", or else the Ostrogoths and Visigoths got these names because they meant eastern and western Goths.{{sfn|Jordanes|1915|pp=87–88 [24.130–131]}} [[File:Gothic raids in the 3rd century.svg|thumb|Gothic raids in the 3rd century]] [[File:305 CE, Europe.svg|thumb|Europe in 305 AD]] Modern historians agree that Jordanes is unreliable, especially for events long before his time, but some historians such as Herwig Wolfram defend the equation of the Greuthungi and Ostrogoths. Wolfram follows the position of [[Franz Altheim]] that the terms Tervingi and Greuthungi were older geographical identifiers used by outsiders to describe these Visigoths and Ostrogoths before they crossed the Danube, and that this terminology dropped out of use around 400, when many Goths had moved into the Roman empire.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=387, fn58}} According to Wolfram, the terms "Vesi" and "Ostrogothi" were used by the peoples themselves to boastfully describe themselves, and thus remained in use. In support of this, Wolfram argues that it is significant that Roman writers either used terminology contrasting Tervingi and Greuthungi, or Vesi/Visigoths and Ostrogoths, and never mixed these pairs—for example they never contrasted Tervingi and Ostrogoths.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=24–25}} As described above, there are two examples of Roman texts which mix Wolfram's proposed geographical and boastful terminologies as if these were separate peoples, and these are the only two early mentions of Ostrogoths before the Amals. For Wolfram, these lists are mistaken to see these peoples as separate, but he notes that neither contrasts what he considers to be the geographical and boastful terms. First, Ostrogoths and Greuthungi were mentioned together by the poet Claudian, and all four names were used together in the unreliable ''[[Augustan History]]'' for the Emperor [[Claudius Gothicus]], which contains the terms "''Gruthungi, Ostrogothi, Tervingi, Vesi''".{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=24–25}}{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pages=202–203}} As a second argument for this geographical versus boastful contrast, Wolfram cites [[Zosimus (historian)|Zosimus]] as referring to the group of "Scythians" north of the [[Danube]] after 376, who were called "Greuthungi" by the barbarians, arguing that these "can only" be Thervingi, and that this shows how the name "Greuthungi" was only used by outsiders.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=387, fn57}} Nonetheless, the Greuthungi alluded to by Zosimus could be those Heather and other historians equate with the rebellious Greuthungi—mentioned later by Claudian in Phrygia in 399–400—who were, according to Claudian, mixed with Ostrogoths.{{sfn|Heather|1988|p=156}}{{sfn|Christensen|2002|p=214}} In any case, the older terminology of a divided Gothic people disappeared gradually after they entered the Roman Empire. The term "Visigoth" was an invention of the sixth century. [[Cassiodorus]], a Roman in the service of Theodoric the Great, invented the term ''Visigothi'' to match ''Ostrogothi'', differentiating between "western Goths" and "eastern Goths" respectively.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=25}} The western-eastern division was a simplification and a literary device of sixth-century historians, where political realities were more complex.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=26}} Furthermore, Cassiodorus used the term "Goths" to refer only to the Ostrogoths, whom he served, and reserved the geographical term "Visigoths" for the [[Visigothic Kingdom|Gallo-Hispanic Goths]]. This usage, however, was adopted by the Visigoths themselves in their communications with the [[Byzantine Empire]] and was in use in the seventh century.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=26}} Other names for the Goths abounded. A "Germanic" Byzantine or Italian author referred to one of the two peoples as the ''Valagothi'', meaning "Roman [''[[walha]]''] Goths".{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=26}} In 484 the Ostrogoths had been called the ''Valameriaci'' (men of Valamir) because they followed Theodoric, a descendant of Valamir.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=26}} This terminology survived in the Byzantine East as late as the reign of [[Athalaric]], who was called ''του Ουαλεμεριακου'' (''tou Oualemeriakou'') by [[John Malalas]].{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=389, fn67}} ===Hunnic invasions and the Amals=== {{Main|History of the Huns}} [[File:Invasions of the Roman Empire 1.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Routes taken by Germanic invaders during the [[Migration Period]]]] In the late 4th century, the rise of the [[Huns]] forced many of the Goths and Alans to join them, while others moved westwards and eventually moved into Roman territory in the [[Balkans]]. Ostrogoths and Greuthungi, perhaps the same people, are believed to have been among the first Goths who were subdued by the Huns.{{sfn|Bury|2000|p=55}} Many Greuthungi entered the Roman Empire in 376 with [[Saphrax and Alatheus]], and many of these Goths probably subsequently joined Alaric, contributing to the formation of the [[Visigothic kingdom]].{{sfn|Heather|1999}} As discussed above a group of Ostrogoths and Greuthungi were apparently also settled in Phrygia in the 380s by the Romans. Otherwise, historical records only begin to mention the name of the Ostrogoths as the Gothic political entity that formed in the Balkans during the 5th century. The Amal-led Ostrogothic kingdom began to coalesce around the leadership of the [[Amal dynasty]] who had fought under [[Attila]], and later settled in [[Pannonia]]. The second major component of the Amal kingdom's population were the [[Thracian Goths]]. This occurred around 483/484.{{sfn|Heather|2007|p=73}}{{sfn|Heather|2003|p=90}} ====5th-century Pannonian Ostrogoths==== [[File:Europe and the Near East at 476 AD.png|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Barbarian kingdoms]] and tribes after the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]] in 476]] The Pannonian Ostrogoths had fought alongside both Alans and Huns.{{sfn|Todd|1999|p=177}} Like several other tribal peoples, they became one of the many Hunnic vassals fighting in Europe, as in the [[Battle of Chalons]] in 451, where the Huns were defeated by the Roman general Aetius, accompanied by a contingent of Alans, and Visigoths.{{sfn|Kim|2013|pp=75, 77}} Jordanes' account of this battle certainly cannot be trusted as he wrongly attributes a good portion of the victory to the Goths, when it was the Alans who formed the "backbone of Roman defences."{{sfn|Kim|2013|p=77}} More generally, Jordanes, depicts the Amals as an ancient royal family in his ''Getica'', making them traditionally preeminent among the Goths in Ukraine, both before and during the empire of Attila. [[Valamir]], the uncle of Theodoric the Great, is even depicted as Attila's most highly valued leader along with [[Ardaric]] of the Gepids.{{sfn|Jordanes|1915|p=107 [38.199–200]}} Modern historians such as [[Peter Heather]] believe this is an exaggeration, and point out that there were at least three factions of Goths in Attila's forces.{{sfn|Heather|2009|p=222}}{{sfn|Heather|2007|pp=46–47, 72–73}} The recorded history of the Ostrogoths as a political entity thus begins with their independence from the remains of the Hunnic Empire following the death of [[Attila the Hun]] in 453. Under Valimir they were among the peoples who were living in the [[Middle Danube]] region by this time, and whose freedom from domination by Attila's sons was confirmed by the [[Battle of Nedao]] in 454, which was led by the [[Gepids]]. It is unclear what role the Goths played in this battle, if any, and after the battle many Goths entered Roman military service, while only some began to coalesce under the leadership of Valamir and his two brothers, Vidimir and [[Theodemir (Ostrogothic king)|Theodemir]], the father of [[Theodoric the Great]].{{sfn|Burns|1984|pp=52–53}} These Amal-led Goths apparently first settled in the Pannonian area of [[Lake Balaton]] and Sirmium ([[Sremska Mitrovica]]), on the Roman Danube frontier. The land they acquired between Vindobona (Vienna) and Sirmium ([[Sremska Mitrovica]]) was not well-managed, a fact which rendered the Ostrogoths dependent upon Constantinople for subsidies.{{sfn|Todd|1999|p=178}}{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=260–261}} They came into conflict with other [[Middle Danube|Middle Danubian]] peoples including the Danubian [[Suebian]] kingdom of [[Hunimund]], and the [[Sciri]], who had arrived as part of the Hunnic empire, and this led to the death of Valimir, and eventual Gothic victory at the [[Battle of Bolia]] in 469, now under Theodemir. Theodemir, father of Theoderic, brought these Goths into East Roman territory in 473/474.{{sfn|Heather|2003|p=86}} The younger uncle of Theoderic, Vidimir, with his like-named son and some of the Pannonian Goths, headed to Italy and his son was eventually settled in Gaul.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=188, 268}} [[File:Hermitage hall 033 - 04.jpg|thumb|The Concesti helmet was found among the burial goods of a probable Ostrogothic Prince. [[Hermitage Museum]].{{sfn|Nicholson|2018|p=378}}]] Theodemir and Theoderic moved their Goths around the Balkans, while in the meantime, the Thracian Goths were the main focus of Gothic power. For some time they held a part of Macedonia, controlling part of the [[Via Egnatia]] between the major Roman cities of [[Durrës]] and [[Thessalonika]]. Theodemir died in [[Cyrrhus (Macedonia)|Cyrrhus]] in 474, having made sure that Theoderic (the future "Great") was designated as successor. In the same year, the other Theoderic ("Strabo"), fell out of favour with the new emperor Zeno.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=269–270}} ====5th-century Thracian Goths==== The 5th century Thracian Goths, according to Peter Heather, had probably become unified only in about the 460s, although they probably lived in the area since the 420s when a group of Goths under Hunnic influence already in Pannonia were detached and settled there.{{sfn|Heather|2003|pp=88, 91}} Wolfram has proposed that Theoderic Strabo was an Amal, whose father had split with Theoderic's branch only as recently as the time of the Battle of Nadao.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=32, 260}} They formed a military force which was loyal to [[Aspar]], the East Roman ''magister militum'' ("master of soldiers") of Alanic-Gothic descent, who was killed in 471. Aspar's death saw a change in the East Roman approach to Gothic military forces which he had been allied to. Theoderic Strabo led a revolt in 473 and was declared king of the Goths. As Wolfram noted, "His elevation as king in Thrace in 473 parallels the elevation of [[Odoacer]] in 476. [...] A Roman federate army sought to force through its demands by making its general king".{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=268}} He demanded to be recognized as the "sole Gothic king to whom all deserters had to be returned [...] and he further demanded the settling of his people in Thrace as well as the surrender of the institutional and material inheritance of Aspar. It took more bloodshed and devastation before the emperor formally agreed to the demands and promised in addition to pay two thousand pounds of gold each year." In return his Goths were ready to fight for Rome, except for a campaign against the [[Vandal kingdom]] in North Africa.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=269}} With the death of [[Leo II (Emperor)|Emperor Leo II]], and the succession of Aspar's old rival [[Zeno (Emperor)|Emperor Zeno]] in 474, the situation for the old Gothic party became increasingly difficult in the eastern empire, and Theoderic Strabo lost the support of the emperor. The younger Theoderic, son of Theodemir, was able to benefit from this.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=270}} ====Theodoric the Great and the Thracians==== About 476, Zeno, having removed support from Theoderic Strabo, started to give important honours to Theoderic, the son of Theodemir. He was adopted as a "son in arms", named as a friend of the emperor, and given the status of ''patricius'' and commander-in-chief. His kingdom, now based on the [[Lower Danube]] in Moesia, was recognized as a federate kingdom and granted (at least in theory) an annual subsidy.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=270}} However, when Zeno forced the two Gothic groups into a confrontation in 478, Theoderic Strabo petitioned the Amal-led Goths, making a case for Gothic unity.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=271–272}} Strabo also appealed to Zeno, but Zeno made new offers to Theoderic the Amal instead, but these were rejected. Warfare between the Goths and imperial forces ensued, and the Amal-led Goths once again became mobile, leaving Moesia. Zeno proposed a new federate kingdom for them in Dacia, north of the Danube, but instead the Goths attempted to take Durrës; however, Roman forces quickly repulsed them.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=271–274}} Between 479 and 481, it was the Thracian Goths under Theoderic Strabo who kept the Romans occupied, but in 481 Strabo died, when he fell from his horse and was impaled on a lance. His son Recitac was unable to retain Gothic support and was killed in 484 under orders from Theoderic the Amal, who united the two Gothic groups. Zeno was forced to conclude a treaty and Theoderic the Amal was named consul in 484. Hostilities between Theoderic the Amal's Goths and the Eastern Roman Empire began again by 487.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=276–278}} ===Kingdom in Italy=== {{History of Italy}} {{Main article|Ostrogothic Kingdom}} [[File:Ostrogothic Kingdom.png|upright=1.2|thumb|Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy]] The greatest of all Ostrogothic rulers, the future [[Theodoric the Great]] (whose Gothic name meant "leader of the people") of the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] (''Regnum Italiae'', "Kingdom of Italy"){{efn|See: http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cassiodorus/varia2.shtml Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator, ''Variae'', Lib. II., XLI. Luduin regi Francorum Theodericus rex}} was born to Theodemir in or about 454, soon after the Battle of Nedao. His childhood was spent at [[Constantinople]] as a diplomatic [[hostage]], where he was carefully educated.{{sfn|Backman|2008|p=68}} The early part of his life was taken up with various disputes, intrigues and wars within the [[Byzantine empire]], in which he had as his rival [[Theodoric Strabo]] of the [[Thracian Goths]], a distant relative of Theodoric the Great and son of [[Triarius]]. This older but lesser Theodoric seems to have been the chief, not the king, of that branch of the Ostrogoths that had settled within the Empire earlier. Theodoric the Great, as he is sometimes distinguished, was sometimes the friend, sometimes the enemy, of the Empire.{{sfn|Waldman|Mason|2006|p=575}} In the former case he was clothed with various Roman titles and offices, as [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|patrician]] and [[consul]]; but in all cases alike he remained the national Ostrogothic king.{{sfn|De Puy|1899|p=2865}} Theodoric is also known for his attainment of support from the [[Catholic Church]] and on one occasion, he even helped resolve a disputed papal election.{{sfn|Frassetto|2003|p=338}} During his reign, Theodoric, who was an [[Arianism|Arian]], allowed freedom of religion, which had not been done before. However, he did try to appease the [[Pope]] and tried to keep his alliance with the church strong. He saw the Pope as an authority not only in the church but also over Rome itself. His ability to work well with Italy's nobles, members of the Roman Senate, and the Catholic Church all helped facilitate his acceptance as the ruler of Italy.{{sfn|Frassetto|2003|pp=338–339}} Theodoric sought to revive Roman culture and government and in doing so, profited the Italian people.{{sfn|Cantor|1994|p=109}} It was in both characters together that he set out in 488, by commission from the [[Byzantine]] emperor [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]], to recover [[Italy]] from [[Odoacer]]. In 489, the [[Rugii]], a Germanic tribe who dwelt in the [[Hungarian Plain]], joined the Ostrogoths in their invasion of Italy under their leader [[Frideric]].{{sfn|Waldman|Mason|2006|p=665}} By 493 [[Ravenna]] was taken, where Theodoric would set up his capital. It was also at this time that Odoacer was killed by Theodoric's own hand.{{sfn|Waldman|Mason|2006|pp=575–576}} Ostrogothic power was fully established over Italy, [[Sicily]], [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]] and the lands to the north of Italy. Around 500, Theodoric celebrated his thirtieth anniversary as King of the Ostrogoths.{{sfn|Bury|2000|p=178}} In order to improve their chances against the Roman Empire the Ostrogoths and [[Visigoths]] began again to unite in what became a loose confederation of Germanic peoples.{{sfn|Waldman|Mason|2006|p=576}} The two branches of the nation were soon brought closer together; after he was forced to become regent of the Visigothic kingdom of [[Toulouse]], the power of Theodoric was practically extended over a large part of [[Gaul]] and over nearly the whole of the [[Iberian peninsula]]. Theodoric forged alliances with the Visigoths, Alamanni, Franks and Burgundians, some of which were accomplished through diplomatic marriages.{{sfn|Waldman|Mason|2006|p=576}} The Ostrogothic dominion was once again as far-reaching and splendid as it was in the time of [[Ermanaric|Hermanaric]]; however, it was now of a wholly different character. The dominion of Theodoric was not a [[barbarian]] but a [[civilization|civilized]] power. His twofold position ran through everything. He was at once king of the Goths and successor, though without any imperial titles, of the Western [[Roman emperor]]s. The two nations, differing in manners, language and religion, lived side by side on the soil of Italy; each was ruled according to its own law, by the prince who was, in his two separate characters, the common sovereign of both.{{sfn|De Puy|1899|p=2865}} Due to his ability to foster and leverage relations among the various Germanic kingdoms, the Byzantines began to fear Theodoric's power, which led to an alliance between the Byzantine emperor and the Frankish king, [[Clovis I]], a pact designed to counteract and ultimately overthrow the Ostrogoths. In some ways Theodoric may have been overly accommodating to both the Romans and other Gothic people as he placated Catholics and Arian Christians alike. Historian Herwig Wolfram suggests that Theodoric's efforts in trying to appease Latin and barbarian cultures in kind brought about the collapse of Ostrogothic predominance and also resulted in the "end of Italy as the heartland of late antiquity."{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=332}} All the years of creating a protective perimeter around Italy were broken down by the Franco-Byzantine coalition. Theodoric was able to temporarily salvage some of his realm with the assistance of the Thuringians.{{sfn|Wolfram|1997|pp=218–221}} Realizing that the Franks were the most significant threat to the Visigothic empire as well, Alaric II, (who was the son-in-law of Theodoric) enlisted the aid of the Burgundians and fought against the Franks at the urging of the magnates of his tribe, but this choice proved an error and he allegedly met his end at the hand of the Frankish king, Clovis.{{sfn|Wolfram|1997|p=155}} A time of confusion followed the death of [[Alaric II]] who was slain during the [[Battle of Vouillé]]. The Ostrogothic king Theodoric stepped in as the guardian of his grandson [[Amalaric]],{{sfn|Larned|1895|p=134}} and preserved for him all his Iberian and a fragment of his Gallic dominion. Toulouse passed to the [[Franks]] but the Goths kept [[Narbonne]] and its district and [[Septimania]], which was the last part of Gaul held by the Goths, keeping the name of Gothia for many years.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=230}} Theodoric claimed a kind of protectorate over a large part of Italy and his Goths were embraced by the Roman population as Rome's defenders and part of its victorious army, while Theodoric much fanfare was made of his alleged "royal ancestry" which favorably cast his clan "on par with an imperial dynasty."{{sfn|Arnold|2014|pp=118–119}} Romans were in some ways "reinvogorated" by these new Gothic warriors as "guardians of ''Romanitas''" who, along with their Italo-Roman neighbors created a new "Gothic aegis" for the western empire, while those outside of Theodoric's order were made into veritable "barbarians".{{sfn|Arnold|2014|p=133}} [[File:Musei civici6.jpg|thumb|left|Ostrogothic belt buckle, [[Pavia Civic Museums]]]] From 508 to 511 under Theodoric's command, the Ostrogoths marched on Gaul as the Vandal king of Carthage and Clovis made concerted efforts to weaken his hold on the Visigoths.{{sfn|Wolfram|1997|p=220}} On the death of Theodoric in 526, the eastern and western Goths were once again divided.{{sfn|De Puy|1899|p=2865}}{{sfn|Wolfram|1997|p=225}} By the late 6th century, the Ostrogoths lost their political identity and assimilated into other Germanic tribes.{{sfn|Waldman|Mason|2006|p=576}} [[File:Theodoric's Palace - Sant'Apollinare Nuovo - Ravenna 2016 (crop).jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Mosaic depicting the palace of Theodoric the Great in his palace chapel of [[San Apollinare Nuovo]]]] The picture of Theodoric's rule is drawn for us in the state papers drawn up, in his name and in the names of his successors, by his Roman minister [[Cassiodorus]]. The Goths seem to have been thick on the ground in northern Italy; in the south they formed little more than garrisons.{{sfn|De Puy|1899|p=2,865}} Meanwhile, the Frankish king Clovis fought protracted wars against various enemies while consolidating his rule, forming the embryonic stages of what would eventually become Medieval Europe.{{sfn|Collins|1999|pp=116–137}} ===War with Byzantium (535–554)=== {{Main article|Gothic War (535–554)}} [[File:Theodahad 534 536 Ostrogoth minted in Rome.jpg|thumb|upright|Coin of [[Theodahad]] (534-536), minted in [[Rome]] – he wears the barbaric [[moustache]].]] Absent the unifying presence of Theodoric, the Ostrogoths and Visigoths were unable to consolidate their realms despite their common Germanic kinship. The few instances where they acted together after this time are as scattered and incidental as they were before. Amalaric succeeded to the Visigothic kingdom in Iberia and Septimania. Theodoric's grandson [[Athalaric]] took on the mantle as king of the Ostrogoths for the next five years.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=334}} [[Provence]] was added to the dominion of the new Ostrogothic king Athalaric and through his daughter [[Amalasuntha]] who was named regent.{{sfn|Waldman|Mason|2006|p=576}} Both were unable to settle disputes among Gothic elites. [[Theodahad]], cousin of Amalasuntha and nephew of Theodoric through his sister, took over and slew them;{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=332–333, 337–340}} however, the usurping ushered in more bloodshed. Atop this infighting, the Ostrogoths faced the doctrinal challenges incurred from their Arian Christianity, which both the aristocracy of Byzantium and the papacy strongly opposed—so much that it brought them together.{{sfn|Wallace-Hadrill|2004|p=36}} The weakness of the Ostrogothic position in Italy now showed itself, particularly when Eastern Roman Emperor [[Justinian I]] enacted a law excluding pagans—among them Arian Christians and Jews—from public employment.{{sfn|Wallace-Hadrill|2004|p=36}} The Ostrogothic King Theodoric reacted by persecuting Catholics.{{sfn|Wallace-Hadrill|2004|p=36}} Nonetheless, Justinian always strove to restore as much of the Western Roman Empire as he could and certainly would not pass up the opportunity. Launched on both land and sea, Justinian began his war of reconquest.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=339}} In 535, he commissioned [[Belisarius]] to attack the Ostrogoths following the success he had in North Africa against the Vandals.{{sfn|Halsall|2007|pp=500–501}} It was Justinian's intention to recover Italy and Rome from the Goths.{{sfn|Halsall|2007|p=501}} Belisarius quickly captured Sicily and then crossed into Italy, where he captured Naples and Rome in December of 536. Sometime during the spring of 537, the Goths marched on Rome with upwards of 100,000 men under the leadership of [[Witiges]] and laid siege to the city, albeit unsuccessfully. Despite outnumbering the Romans by a five-to-one margin, the Goths could not loose Belisarius from the former western capital of the Empire.{{sfn|Oman|1902|pp=89–90}} After recuperating from siege warfare, Belisarius marched north, taking Mediolanum ([[Milan]]) and the Ostrogoth capital of Ravenna in 540.{{sfn|Halsall|2007|pp=502–503}} With the attack on Ravenna, Witiges and his men were trapped in the Ostrogothic capital. Belisarius proved more capable at [[siege warfare]] than his rival Witiges had been at Rome and the Ostrogoth ruler, who was also dealing with Frankish enemies, was forced to surrender, but not without terms. Belisarius refused to grant any concessions save unconditional surrender in view of the fact that Justinian wanted to make Witiges a vassal king in Trans-Padane Italy.{{sfn|Oman|1902|p=91}} This condition made for something of an impasse. A faction of the Gothic nobility pointed out that their own king [[Witiges]], who had just lost, was something of a weakling and they would need a new one. [[Eraric]], the leader of the group, endorsed Belisarius and the rest of the kingdom agreed, so they offered him their crown.{{sfn|Halsall|2007|p=503}} Belisarius was a soldier, not a statesman, and still loyal to Justinian. He made as if to accept the offer, rode to Ravenna to be crowned, and promptly arrested the leaders of the Goths and reclaimed their entire kingdom—no halfway settlements—for the Empire. Fearful that Belisarius might set himself up a permanent kingship should he consolidate his conquests, Justinian recalled him to Constantinople with Witiges in tow.{{sfn|Bauer|2010|p=208}} With the fall of Ravenna, the capital of the kingdom was brought to [[Pavia]], which became the last center of Ostrogothic resistance against Eastern Roman rule.{{sfn|Thompson|1982|pp=95–96}} [[File:Totila fa dstruggere la città di Firenze.jpg|thumb|left|Totila razes the walls of [[Florence]]: illumination from the Chigi manuscript of [[Giovanni Villani|Villani's ''Cronica'']]]] As soon as Belisarius was gone, the remaining Ostrogoths elected a new king named [[Totila]]. Under the brilliant command of Totila, the Goths were able to reassert themselves to a degree. For a period of nearly ten years, control for Italy became a seesaw battle between Byzantine and Ostrogothic forces.{{sfn|Bauer|2010|p=210}} Totila eventually recaptured all of northern Italy and even drove the Byzantines out of Rome, thereby affording him the opportunity to take political control of the city, partly by executing the Roman senatorial order. Many of them fled eastwards for Constantinople.{{sfn|Halsall|2007|p=504}} By 550 Justinian was able to put together an enormous force, an assembly designed to recover his losses and subdue any Gothic resistance. In 551, the Roman navy destroyed Totila's fleet and in 552 an overwhelming Byzantine force under [[Narses]] entered Italy from the north. Attempting to surprise the invading Byzantines, Totila gambled with his forces at [[Battle of Taginae|Taginaei]], where he was slain.{{sfn|Halsall|2007|p=504}} Broken but not yet defeated, the Ostrogoths made one final stand at Campania under a chief named Teia, but when he was also killed in battle at [[Nuceria]] they finally capitulated. On surrendering, they informed Narses that evidently "the hand of God was against them" and so they left Italy for the northern lands of their fathers.{{sfn|Oman|1902|pp=95–96}} After that final defeat, the Ostrogothic name wholly died. The nation had practically evaporated with Theodoric's death. The leadership of western Europe therefore passed by default to the Franks. Consequently, Ostrogothic failure and Frankish success were crucial for the development of [[early medieval Europe]], for Theodoric had made it "his intention to restore the vigor of Roman government and Roman culture".{{sfn|Cantor|1994|p=105–107}} The chance of forming a national state in Italy by the union of Roman and Germanic elements, such as those that arose in Gaul, in Iberia, and in parts of Italy under Lombard rule, was thus lost. The failures of the barbarian kingdoms to maintain control of the regions they conquered were partly the result of leadership vacuums like those which resulted from the death of Theodoric (also the lack of male succession) and Totila but additionally as a consequence of political fragmentation amid the Germanic tribes as their loyalties wavered between their kin and their erstwhile enemies. Frankish entry onto the geopolitical map of Europe also bears into play: had the Ostrogoths attained more military success against the Byzantines on the battlefield by combining the strength of other Germanic tribes, this could have changed the direction of Frankish loyalty.{{sfn|Halsall|2007|pp=505–512}} Military success or defeat and political legitimacy were interrelated in barbarian society.{{sfn|Halsall|2007|p=512}} Nevertheless, according to Roman historian [[Procopius of Caesarea]], the Ostrogothic population was allowed to live peacefully in Italy with their Rugian allies under Roman sovereignty. They later joined the Lombards during their conquest of Italy.{{efn|''De Bello Gothico'' IV 32, pp.&nbsp;241–245; this reference stems from the pen of the Byzantine historian, Procopius, who accompanied Justinian's leading general, Belisarius, on his exploits between 527 and 540. This included the campaigns against the Ostrogoths, which is the subject of ''De Bello Gothico''.}} ==Culture== [[File:Orecchini ostrogoti.jpg|thumb|Ostrogoth ear jewels, Metropolitan Museum of Art]] Surviving Gothic writings in the [[Gothic language]] include the Bible of [[Ulfilas]] and other religious writings and fragments. In terms of Gothic legislation in [[Latin]], one finds the [[edict of Theodoric]] from around the year 500, and the ''Variae'' of Cassiodorus, which may also pass as a collection of the state papers of Theodoric and his immediate successors. Among the Visigoths, written laws had already been put forth by [[Euric]]. Alaric II put forth a Breviarium of [[Roman law]] for his Roman subjects; but the great collection of Visigothic laws dates from the later days of the monarchy, being put forth by King [[Reccaswinth]] about 654. This code gave occasion to some well-known comments by Montesquieu and [[Edward Gibbon|Gibbon]], and has been discussed by Savigny (''Geschichte des römischen Rechts'', ii. 65) and various other writers. They are printed in the ''Monumenta Germaniae, leges'', tome i. (1902).{{sfn|Freeman|1911|p=275}} Amid Gothic histories that remain, besides that of the frequently quoted Jordanes, there is the Gothic history of [[Isidore]], archbishop of [[Seville]], a special source of the history of the Visigothic kings down to [[Suinthila]] (621–631). But all the Latin and [[Greek language|Greek]] writers contemporary with the days of Gothic predominance also made their contributions. Not for special facts, but for a general estimate, no writer is more instructive than [[Salvian of Marseilles]] in the 5th century, whose work, ''De Gubernatione Dei'', is full of passages contrasting the vices of the Romans with the virtues of the "barbarians", especially of the Goths. In all such pictures one must allow a good deal for exaggeration both ways, but there must be a groundwork of truth. The chief virtues that the [[Roman Catholic]] [[presbyter]] praises in the Arian Goths are their chastity, their piety according to their own creed, their tolerance towards the Catholics under their rule, and their general good treatment of their Roman subjects. He even ventures to hope that such good people may be saved, notwithstanding their [[Christian heresy|heresy]]. This image must have had some basis in truth, but it is not very surprising that the later Visigoths of Iberia had fallen away from Salvian's somewhat idealistic picture.{{sfn|Freeman|1911|p=275}} ==6th-century Scandinavian Ostrogoths (Jordanes)== [[File:Scandza.PNG|thumb|right|Possible map of [[Scandza]] based on [[Jordanes]]' work]] Jordanes named a people called the Ostrogoths (''Ostrogothae'') in a list of many peoples living on the large island of "Scandza", north of the mouth of the [[Vistula]], which most modern scholars understand to refer to the Scandinavian peninsula. The implication was that these Ostrogoths were living there in the 6th century, during the lifetime of Jordanes or his source [[Cassiodorus]]—the same period when there was a powerful Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy. The list itself mentions a [[Rodulf (petty king)|Roduulf]], king of the [[Ranii]] who lived in Scandza near the Dani ([[Danes]]). It says he had despised his own kingdom and came to Italy and then received the embrace of Theoderic the Great there.{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=267–268}} This Roduulf has thus been proposed as a possible source of information about Scandinavian peoples, because Cassiodorus was an important statesman at Theoderic's court.{{sfn|Christensen|2002|p=270}}{{sfn|Ghosh|2015|p=49}}{{efn|It has even been suggested that Roduulf is the same king of that name who is known from other sources to have been king of the Danube Heruli until he was defeated by the Lombards some time between 494 and 508. [[Procopius]] and [[Paul the Deacon]] mention him, and Jordanes mentions a king of the Heruli in this period who was adopted as a son in arms by Theoderic, without naming him. Strikingly, Procopius mentions that some of the Heruli nobility migrated to Scandinavia after the defeat of Roduulf, and some of these later returned to the Balkan area (''Gothic Wars'', [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Wars/Book_VI#XIV VI, 14–15]), while in his Scandza list, Jordanes mentions that Heruli had lived near the Dani, like the Ostrogothae he mentions, but had been forced to leave.}} On the other hand, scholars have come to no consensus about when the list was made, and by whom, nor how to interpret most of the names in the list. Arne Søby Christensen, in his detailed analysis lists three possibilities:{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=250–299}} *that Jordanes believed some Ostrogoths had emigrated north, or... *that a similar name "Eastern Goths" had been coined in Scandinavia, where there were a people with the related name, the [[Gauts]], or... *that a source of Jordanes, for example Cassiodorus, had created this form of the name, perhaps having heard of the Gauts. It has been pointed out by [[Walter Goffart]] that Jordanes (V.38) also digresses specially to criticize stories going around Constantinople, that the Goths had once been slaves in Britain or another northern island, and had been freed for the price of a nag. Goffart argues that Jordanes likely rejected the idea that the Goths should be simply sent north to their alleged land of origin. Goffart points out that Procopius—a contemporary of Jordanes—reports that [[Belisarius]] offered Britain to the Ostrogoths (''Gothic Wars'', [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Wars/Book_VI#VI VI, 6]); Goffart also suggests this may be connected to the stories mentioned by Jordanes.{{sfn|Ghosh|2015|pp=52–53}}{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=254, 270}} Fundamental to the question of the Scandza list, which mentions the Ostrogothae, there has been much scholarly discussion about why Jordanes claimed that Scandinavia was a "womb of the nations",{{sfn|Jordanes|1915|p=57 [4.25]}} and the point of origin to not only the Goths but also many other northern barbarian peoples. Before Jordanes, there was already a Judaeo-Christian tradition equating the Goths and other "Scythian" peoples with the descendants of [[Gog and Magog]], who readers of the [[Book of Ezekiel]] and the [[Book of Revelation]] might otherwise associate with distant islands.{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=243–252}} ==Ostrogothic rulers== ===[[Amal dynasty]]=== * [[Valamir]] r. 447 &ndash; c. 465 succeeded by his brother... * [[Theodemir (Ostrogothic king)|Theodemir]] r. c. 465 &ndash; 475 succeeded by his son... * [[Theodoric the Great]] r. 475–526 succeeded by his grandson... * [[Athalaric]] r. 526–534 succeeded by his mother... * Queen [[Amalasuntha]], r. 534–535 the daughter of Theodoric, succeeded by her first cousin... * [[Theodahad]] r. 535–536 the son of Theodoric's sister. ===Later kings=== * [[Witiges]] r. 536–540 * [[Ildibad]] r. 540–541 * [[Eraric]] r. 541 * [[Totila]] (also ''Baduila'') r. 541–552 * [[Teia|Theia]] (also ''Teia(s)'', ''Teja'') r. 552–553 ==See also== * [[List of Germanic tribes]] * [[Crimean Goths]] * [[Oium]] * [[Wielbark culture]] == References == ===Notes=== {{notelist}} === Citations === {{Reflist}} === Sources === {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book|author-link=Patrick Amory |title=People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=0-521-52635-3 |doi=10.1086/ahr/103.5.1569 |first=Patrick |last=Amory}}. * {{cite book | last=Arnold | first=Jonathan J.| title=Theoderic and the Roman Imperial Administration | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge; New York | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-107-05440-0}} * {{cite book | last=Backman| first=Clifford R | year=2008 | title= The Worlds of Medieval Europe | place= Oxford and New York | publisher= Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-533527-9}} * {{cite book| last=Bauer | first=Susan Wise | year=2010 | title=The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade | place=New York | publisher= W.W. Norton & Company | isbn= 978-0-39305-975-5}} * {{cite book | last=Burns | first=Thomas | year=1984 | title=A History of the Ostrogoths | place=Bloomington and Indianapolis | publisher=Indiana University Press | isbn=0-253-32831-4 | url=https://archive.org/details/historyoftheostr00burn }} * {{cite book | last=Bury | first=J. B. | year=2000 | title=The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians | place=New York | publisher=W.W. Norton & Company | isbn=978-0-39300-388-8 | url=https://archive.org/details/invasionofeurope00jbjo }} *{{cite book |last1=Cameron |first1=Alan |author-link1=Alan Cameron (classical scholar) |last2=Long |first2=Jacqueline |last3=Sherry |first3=Lee |year=1993 |title=Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6t44B0-a98C |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=0520065506 }} * {{cite book |last=Cantor |first=Norman F. | year=1994 | title =The Civilization of the Middle Ages |location= New York | publisher=Harper Perennial | isbn=0-06-092553-1 }} * {{cite book|last=Christensen |first=Arne Søby|author-link=Arne Søby Christensen|title=Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths: Studies in a Migration Myth |year=2002| location=Copenhagen|publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press |isbn=9788772897103|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AcLDHOqOt4cC }} * {{cite book | last= Collins | first = Roger | year=1999 | title=Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000 | place=New York | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | isbn=978-0-33365-808-6 }} * {{cite book | last=Dalby | first=Andrew | year=1999 | title=Dictionary of Languages | place=New York | publisher=Columbia University Press | isbn=978-0-23111-568-1 | url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflang00dalb }} * {{cite book | last=De Puy | first=William Harrison | year=1899 | title= The World-wide Encyclopedia and Gazetteer (vol 4)| place=New York | publisher=Werner Co. }} * ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', "Ostrogoth", stable URL: https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/434454/Ostrogoth * {{cite book | last=Frassetto | first=Michael | year=2003 | title=Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation | place=Santa Barbara, CA | publisher=ABC-CLIO | isbn=978-1-57607-263-9 }} * {{cite EB1911|wstitle= Goths |volume= 12 | pages = 272&ndash;276 |last1= Freeman |first1= Edward Augustus |author-link= Edward Augustus Freeman}} * {{cite book | last=Ghosh | first=Shami| year=2015 | title=Writing the Barbarian Past: Studies in Early Medieval Historical Narrative | place=Leiden | publisher=Brill | isbn=978-9-00430-581-6 }} * {{cite book| last=Halsall | first=Guy | year=2007 | title= Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568 | place= Cambridge and New York | publisher= Cambridge University Press | isbn= 978-0-52143-543-7 }} *{{cite journal|last=Heather |first=Peter |title=The Anti-Scythian Tirade of Synesius' "De Regno"| journal=Phoenix| volume= 42 |issue=2 |year=1988| page=156|doi=10.2307/1088231 |jstor=1088231}} *{{cite journal|title=Cassiodorus and the Rise of the Amals: Genealogy and the Goths under Hun Domination |first= Peter |last=Heather |journal=The Journal of Roman Studies |volume=79 |year=1989 |pages=103–128 |doi=10.2307/301183 |jstor=301183|s2cid= 162977685 }} * {{Cite book |last=Heather |first=Peter | title=The Goths |year=1996 |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell Publishers | isbn=0-631-16536-3 }} *{{citation|last=Heather| first=Peter |title=The Visigoths from the Migration Period to the Seventh Century: An Ethnographic Perspective| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0QLwfButJokC | year=1999 |chapter=The Creation of the Visigoths| publisher=Boydell & Brewer | isbn=978-0851157627 }} *{{citation|year=2003|last=Heather|first=Peter|chapter=''Gens'' and ''Regnum'' among the Ostrogoths |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RovRlJkrncEC |title=Regna and Gentes: The Relationship Between Late Antique and Early Medieval Peoples and Kingdoms in the Transformation of the Roman World |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9004125248|editor1-first=Hans-Werner |editor1-last=Goetz |editor2-first=Jörg |editor2-last=Jarnut |editor3-first=Walter |editor3-last=Pohl}} *{{citation|year=2007|last=Heather |first=Peter|title=Linguistic and Literary Traces of the Ostrogoths, The Ostrogoths from the Migration Period to the Sixth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective|editor-last1=Barnish |editor-last2=Marazzi|series=Studies in Historical Archaeoethnology|volume=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0WnZ2vDfEkC |chapter=Merely an Ideology? – Gothic identity in Ostrogothic Italy|isbn=978-1843830740 }} * {{cite book|last=Heather|first=Peter|year=2009|title=Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe|place=Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-989226-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ho8sAQAAIAAJ}} * {{cite book |last=Heather |first=Peter |author-link1=Peter Heather | year=2018 | chapter=Ostrogoths |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-3493? |editor=Oliver Nicholson | title=The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity |volume=2, J–Z | location=Oxford and New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | isbn=978-0-19881-625-6}} * {{cite book | last=Jordanes | year=1915 | title=The Gothic History of Jordanes | others=Translated by Charles C. Mierow | location=London | publisher=Oxford University Press | oclc=463056290 }} * {{cite book | last=Kim | first=Hyun Jin | year=2013| title=The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe | place= Cambridge and New York | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-1-10700-906-6}} *{{citation|chapter=Nation versus Army: A necessary contrast? |last=Kulikowski |first=Michael |pages=69–84 |title=On barbarian identity. Critical approaches to ethnicity in the early middle ages|editor-last=Gillett |editor-first=Andrew |location= Turnhout |year=2002}} * {{cite book | editor-last=Larned | editor-first= J. N. | year=1895 | title= History for Ready Reference | place= Cambridge, MA| publisher= C.A. Nichols }} * {{citation|title=Claudian's In Eutropium: Or, How, When, and Why to Slander a Eunuch |first=Jacqueline |last=Long |year=1996 |chapter=5 |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0807863053 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-U6CwAAQBAJ}} * {{cite book |last=Nicholson |first=Oliver |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity | year=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-256246-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A09WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA378}} * {{cite book| last=Oman | first=Charles W.C | year=1902 | title= The Byzantine Empire | place=New York | publisher= G.P. Putnam’s Sons }} * {{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Edward Arthur |title=Romans and Barbarians: Decline of the Western Empire |date=1982 |publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press |location=Madison |isbn=978-0-29908-700-5}} * {{cite book| last=Todd | first=Malcolm | year=1999 | title= The Early Germans | place= Oxford | publisher= Blackwell | isbn=0-631-16397-2 }} * {{cite book | last1=Waldman | first1=Carl | last2=Mason | first2 = Allan R. | title=Encyclopedia of European Peoples | year=2006 | location=New York | publisher=Facts on File | isbn=978-0-81604-964-6 }} * {{cite book | last=Wallace-Hadrill | first=J. M. | title=The Barbarian West, 400–1000 | year=2004 | place=Malden, MA | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | isbn=978-0-63120-292-9 }} * {{cite book | last=Wolfram | first=Herwig | year=1988 | title=History of the Goths | place=Berkeley and Los Angeles| publisher=University of California Press | isbn= 978-0-52006-983-1 }} * {{cite book | last=Wolfram | first=Herwig | year=1997 | title=The Roman Empire and its Germanic Peoples | place=Berkeley and Los Angeles| publisher=University of California Press | isbn= 0-520-08511-6 }} {{refend}} == External links == * {{Commons category-inline|Ostrogoths}} {{-}} {{Germanic peoples}} [[Category:Ostrogoths| ]] [[Category:Early Germanic peoples]] [[Category:History of the Balkans]] [[Category:Ancient Italian history]] [[de:Goten#Ostgoten]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext)
'{{Short description|5th–6th-century Germanic ethnic group}} {{Infobox tribe | name = Ostrogoths | local name = | type = People | image = Tomb of Theodoric the Great Ravenna (cropped).jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = The [[Mausoleum of Theodoric]] in [[Ravenna]], Italy | ethnicity = Germanic | location = Balkans | varna = | descended = | population = | demonym = | branches = | language = Germanic | religion = | surnames = }} The '''Ostrogoths''' ({{lang-la|Ostrogothi, Austrogothi}}) were a [[Roman-era]] [[Germanic peoples|Germanic people]]. In the 5th century, they followed the [[Visigoths]] in creating one of the two great [[Goths|Gothic]] kingdoms within the [[Western Roman Empire]], drawing upon the large Gothic populations who had settled in the [[Balkans]] in the 4th century. While the Visigoths had formed under the leadership of [[Alaric I]], the new Ostrogothic political entity which came to rule Italy was formed in the Balkans under [[Theodoric the Great]]. Theoderic's family, the [[Amal dynasty]], accumulated royal power in Roman [[Pannonia]] after the death of [[Attila]], and collapse of his [[Hunnic empire]]. [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] [[Zeno (emperor)|Emperor Zeno]] played these Pannonian Goths off against the [[Thracian Goths]] to their south. However, instead the two groups united after the death of the Thracian leader [[Theoderic Strabo]] and his son Recitach. Zeno then backed Theodoric to invade Italy and replace [[Odoacer]] there, whom he had previously supported as its king. In 493, Theodoric established the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] of [[Italy]], when he defeated Odoacer's forces and killed his rival at a banquet. Following the death of Theodoric, there was a period of instability, eventually tempting the [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Justinian]] to declare war on the Ostrogoths in 535, in an effort to restore the former [[Western Roman Empire|western provinces of the Roman Empire]]. Initially, the Byzantines were successful, but under the leadership of [[Totila]], the [[Goths]] reconquered most of the lost territory until Totila's death at the [[Battle of Taginae]]. [[Gothic War (535–554)|The war]] lasted almost 21 years and caused enormous damage across Italy, reducing the population of the peninsula. Any remaining Ostrogoths in Italy were absorbed into the [[Lombards]], who established [[Lombard Kingdom|a kingdom in Italy]] in 568. As with other Gothic groups, the history of the peoples who made them up before they reached the [[History of the Balkans#Roman period|Roman Balkans]] is difficult to reconstruct in detail. However, the Ostrogoths are associated with the earlier [[Greuthungi]]. The Ostrogoths themselves were commonly referred to simply as Goths even in the 5th century. However, before then they were referred to once, in a poem by [[Claudian]] which associates them with a group of Greuthungi, settled as a military unit in [[Phrygia]]. The 6th century historian of the Goths [[Jordanes]] also equated the Ostrogoths of his time to the Goths ruled by King [[Ermanaric]] in the 4th century, who the Roman writer [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] had called Greuthungi, and described as living between the [[Dniester]] and [[Don (river)|Don]] rivers. These Greuthungi Goths were attacked by [[Huns]] and [[Alans]] from the east, and it was reportedly for this reason that large groups of Goths moved into the Roman Empire, while others became subservient to the Huns. The Ostrogoths are really cool ==Goths== {{Main article|Goths|Chernyakhov culture|Oium|Gothic runic inscriptions}} [[File:Chernyakhov.PNG|thumb|{{legend|#0f0|Traditional [[Götaland]]}} {{legend|#f08|Island of [[Gotland]]}} {{legend|#f00|[[Wielbark Culture]], early 3rd century}} {{legend|#f80|[[Chernyakhov culture]], early 4th century}} {{legend|#80f|[[Roman Empire]]}}]] The Ostrogoths were one of several peoples referred to more generally as Goths. The Goths appear in Roman records starting in the third century, in the regions north of the [[Lower Danube]] and [[Black Sea]].{{sfn|Heather|2009|pp=109–110}} They competed for influence and Roman subsidies with peoples who had lived longer in the area, such as the [[Carpi (people)|Carpi]], and various [[Sarmatians]], and they contributed men to the Roman military.{{sfn|Heather|2009|pp=116, 127–128}} Based on their Germanic language and material culture, it is believed that their Gothic culture derived from cultures from the direction of the [[Vistula]] river in the north, now in [[Poland]] and originally from [[Götaland]] (in English Western and Eastern Gothlands) and [[Gotland]] in present-day [[Sweden]].{{sfn|Heather|2009|pp=115–117}} By the third century, the Goths were already composed of sub-groups with their own names, because the [[Tervingi]], who bordered on the [[Roman Empire]] and the [[Carpathian mountains]], were mentioned separately on at least one occasion.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=24}} The Ostrogoths, not mentioned until later, are associated with the Greuthungi who lived further east. The dividing line between the Tervingi and the Greuthungi, was reported by Ammianus to be the [[Dniester River]], and to the east of the Greuthungi were [[Alans]] living near the River Don.{{sfn|Heather|2009|pp=151–153}} ===Gothic language=== {{Main|Gothic language}} The Ostrogoths in Italy used a Gothic language which had both spoken and written forms, and which is best attested today in the surviving translation of the Bible by [[Ulfilas]]. Goths were a minority in all the places they lived within the Roman empire, and no Gothic language or distinct Gothic ethnicity has survived. On the other hand, the Gothic language texts which the Ostrogothic kingdom helped preserve are the only eastern Germanic language with "continuous texts" surviving, and the earliest significant remnants of any [[Germanic language]].{{efn|A language related to [[Gothic language|Gothic]] was still spoken sporadically in [[Crimea]] as late as the 16th and 17th centuries ([[Crimean Gothic language]]).{{sfn|Dalby|1999|p=229}} Much of the disappearance of the Gothic language is attributable to the Goths' cultural and linguistic absorption by other European peoples during the Middle Ages.{{sfn|Waldman|Mason|2006|p=572}} }} ===Etymology=== {{see|Name of the Goths|Greuthungi#Etymology}} [[File:GNM - Gotische Fibeln.jpg|thumb|upright|Ostrogothic bow-fibulae (c. 500) from [[Emilia-Romagna]], [[Italy]]]] The first part of the word "Ostrogoth" comes from a [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] root ''*auster-'' meaning 'eastern'. According to the proposal of Wolfram, this was originally a boastful tribal name meaning "Goths of the rising sun", or "Goths glorified by the rising sun".{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=25, 387 fn49, 388 fn58}}{{Efn|Wolfram cites Moritz Schönfeld's (1911) work, ''Wörterbuch der altgermanischen personen- und Völkernamen'' as his principal naming source. See: [https://archive.org/details/wrterbuchderaltg00schn/page/39 p. 39]. According to linguist [[Václav Blažek]], this ethnonym shows several written forms in mediaeval records: Austrogoti; Austorgoti; Obstrogoti; Ostrogothi; Ostrogotus; Histrogotus; (H)ostrogothae (or Hostrogothae, Hostrogothi, Hostrogothae, Hostrogothae, Hostrogothi, Ostrogothi, Hostrogothae, Ostrogothi and Ostrogothi - these from the same record, Jordanes's ''Getica''), and Ostrogotthi. See: Blažek, Václav. "[http://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/126015 Visigothae versus Ostrogothae]". In: ''Graeco-Latina Brunensia'' vol. 17, iss. 2. 2012. pp. 17–18.}} By the 6th century, however, Jordanes, for example, believed that the Visigoths and Ostrogoths were two contrasting names simply meaning western and eastern Goths.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=24}}{{sfn|Christensen|2002|p=206}} ==History== ===The Greuthungi and Ostrogothi before the Huns=== {{Further|Greuthungi}} The nature of the divisions of the Goths before the arrival of the Huns is uncertain, but throughout all their history the Ostrogoths are only mentioned by that name very rarely, and normally in very uncertain contexts. Among other Gothic group names, however, they are associated with the Greuthungi. Scholarly opinions are divided about this connection. Historian [[Herwig Wolfram]] sees these as two names for one people as will be discussed below. [[Peter Heather]], in contrast, has written that: <blockquote>Ostrogoths in the sense of the group led by Theodoric to Italy stand at the end of complex processes of fragmentation and unification involving a variety of groups—mostly but not solely Gothic it seems—and the better, more contemporary, evidence argues against the implication derived from Jordanes that Ostrogoths are Greuthungi by another name.{{sfn|Heather|2007|p=404}}</blockquote> Some historians go much further than Heather, questioning whether we can assume any single ethnicity, even Gothic, which united the Ostrogoths before they were politically united by the Amal clan.{{efn|{{harvtxt|Heather|2007}} explains Heather's position in contrast to those of {{harvtxt|Amory|1997}}. Also see {{harvtxt|Kulikowski|2002}}.}} [[File:Gothic Kingdoms.png|thumb|Map of the Gothic migrations and kingdoms]] [[File:230 CE, Europe.svg|thumb|Europe in 230 AD]] One dubious early mention of the Ostrogoths is found in the much later-written ''Historia Augusta'', but it distinguishes the Ostrogoths and Greuthungi. In the article for Emperor [[Claudius Gothicus]] (reigned 268–270), the following list of "[[Scythian]]" peoples is given who had been conquered by the emperor when he earned his title "Gothicus": "''peuci trutungi ''austorgoti'' uirtingi sigy pedes celtae etiam eruli''". These words are traditionally edited by modern scholars to include well-known peoples: "''[[Peuci]], Grutungi, ''Austrogoti'', Tervingi, Visi, Gipedes, [[Celts|Celtae]] etiam et [[Heruli|Eruli]]''" (emphasis added). However, this work is not considered reliable, especially for contemporary terminology.{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=201–205}} The first record of a Gothic sub-group acting in its own name, specifically the [[Tervingi]], was dated from 291.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=24, fn52}}<ref>''[[Panegyrici Latini]]'' XI 17.1 (dated 291)</ref> The [[Greuthungi]], [[Vesi]], and Ostrogothi are all attested no earlier than 388.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=24}} The Ostrogoths were first definitely mentioned more than one hundred years later than the Tervingi in 399, and this is the only certain mention of this name at all before the Amals created their kingdom of Italy. A poem by [[Claudian]] describes Ostrogoths who are mixed with Greuthungi and settled in [[Phrygia]] together as a disgruntled barbarian military force, who had once fought against Rome, but were now supposed to fight for it. Claudian only uses the term Ostrogoth once in the long poem, but in other references to this same group he more often calls them Greuthungi or "[[Getae|Getic]]" (an older word used poetically for Goths in this period). These Goths came to be led into rebellion by [[Tribigild]], a Roman general of Gothic background. Much later [[Zosimus (historian)|Zosimus]] also described Tribigild and his rebellion against the eunuch [[Eutropius (consul 399)|consul Eutropius]]. [[Gainas]], the aggrieved Gothic general sent to fight Tribigild, openly joined forces with him after the death of Eutropius. Zosimus believed that was conspiracy between the two Goths from the beginning.{{efn|Claudian, ''Against Eutropius'', [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/In_Eutropium/2*.html#141A 2.141]; Zosimus, ''New History'', [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/New_History/Book_the_Fifth Book 5]. For commentary see {{harvtxt|Wolfram|1988|pp=24, 387fn52}}, {{harvtxt|Christensen|2002|pages=216–217}} and {{harvtxt|Cameron|1993}}. Note Wolfram describes this as a poem to 392, though as Christensen and Cameron et al. note, it was written after the death of Eutropius the consul (died 399). On the dating of Claudian's poem see {{harvtxt|Long|1996|loc=ch.5}}.}} It is generally believed by historians that this Phrygian settlement of Greuthingi, referred to as including Ostrogoths, were part of the Greuthungi-led force led by [[Odotheus]] in 386, and not the Greuthungi who had entered the empire earlier, in 376 under [[Alatheus and Saphrax]].{{sfn|Heather|1988|p=156}}{{sfn|Christensen|2002|p=214}} Starting with the 6th century writer [[Jordanes]], whose ''[[Getica]]'' is a history of the Ostrogothic Amal dynasty, there is a tradition of simply equating the [[Greuthungi]] with the Ostrogothi.{{sfn|Heather|1996|pp=52–57, 300–301}} Jordanes does not mention the Greuthungi at all by that name, but he identified the Ostrogothic kings of Italy, the Amal dynasty, as the heirs and descendants of king [[Ermanaric]]. Ermanaric was described by Roman soldier and historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] as a king of the Greuthungi, however, the family succession described by the two classical authors is completely different, and Ammianus is considered to be the more reliable source.{{efn|Christensen summarizes the field's position: "There has never been any doubt that of these two conflicting accounts, the one by Ammianus Marcellinus was to be preferred". Christensen especially cites Peter Heather.{{sfn|Heather|1989}}{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=141–157}} }} Jordanes also specified that around 250 (the time of Emperor [[Philip the Arab]] who reigned 244–249) the Ostrogoths were ruled by a king called [[Ostrogotha]] and they either derived their name from this "father of the Ostrogoths", or else the Ostrogoths and Visigoths got these names because they meant eastern and western Goths.{{sfn|Jordanes|1915|pp=87–88 [24.130–131]}} [[File:Gothic raids in the 3rd century.svg|thumb|Gothic raids in the 3rd century]] [[File:305 CE, Europe.svg|thumb|Europe in 305 AD]] Modern historians agree that Jordanes is unreliable, especially for events long before his time, but some historians such as Herwig Wolfram defend the equation of the Greuthungi and Ostrogoths. Wolfram follows the position of [[Franz Altheim]] that the terms Tervingi and Greuthungi were older geographical identifiers used by outsiders to describe these Visigoths and Ostrogoths before they crossed the Danube, and that this terminology dropped out of use around 400, when many Goths had moved into the Roman empire.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=387, fn58}} According to Wolfram, the terms "Vesi" and "Ostrogothi" were used by the peoples themselves to boastfully describe themselves, and thus remained in use. In support of this, Wolfram argues that it is significant that Roman writers either used terminology contrasting Tervingi and Greuthungi, or Vesi/Visigoths and Ostrogoths, and never mixed these pairs—for example they never contrasted Tervingi and Ostrogoths.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=24–25}} As described above, there are two examples of Roman texts which mix Wolfram's proposed geographical and boastful terminologies as if these were separate peoples, and these are the only two early mentions of Ostrogoths before the Amals. For Wolfram, these lists are mistaken to see these peoples as separate, but he notes that neither contrasts what he considers to be the geographical and boastful terms. First, Ostrogoths and Greuthungi were mentioned together by the poet Claudian, and all four names were used together in the unreliable ''[[Augustan History]]'' for the Emperor [[Claudius Gothicus]], which contains the terms "''Gruthungi, Ostrogothi, Tervingi, Vesi''".{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=24–25}}{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pages=202–203}} As a second argument for this geographical versus boastful contrast, Wolfram cites [[Zosimus (historian)|Zosimus]] as referring to the group of "Scythians" north of the [[Danube]] after 376, who were called "Greuthungi" by the barbarians, arguing that these "can only" be Thervingi, and that this shows how the name "Greuthungi" was only used by outsiders.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=387, fn57}} Nonetheless, the Greuthungi alluded to by Zosimus could be those Heather and other historians equate with the rebellious Greuthungi—mentioned later by Claudian in Phrygia in 399–400—who were, according to Claudian, mixed with Ostrogoths.{{sfn|Heather|1988|p=156}}{{sfn|Christensen|2002|p=214}} In any case, the older terminology of a divided Gothic people disappeared gradually after they entered the Roman Empire. The term "Visigoth" was an invention of the sixth century. [[Cassiodorus]], a Roman in the service of Theodoric the Great, invented the term ''Visigothi'' to match ''Ostrogothi'', differentiating between "western Goths" and "eastern Goths" respectively.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=25}} The western-eastern division was a simplification and a literary device of sixth-century historians, where political realities were more complex.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=26}} Furthermore, Cassiodorus used the term "Goths" to refer only to the Ostrogoths, whom he served, and reserved the geographical term "Visigoths" for the [[Visigothic Kingdom|Gallo-Hispanic Goths]]. This usage, however, was adopted by the Visigoths themselves in their communications with the [[Byzantine Empire]] and was in use in the seventh century.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=26}} Other names for the Goths abounded. A "Germanic" Byzantine or Italian author referred to one of the two peoples as the ''Valagothi'', meaning "Roman [''[[walha]]''] Goths".{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=26}} In 484 the Ostrogoths had been called the ''Valameriaci'' (men of Valamir) because they followed Theodoric, a descendant of Valamir.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=26}} This terminology survived in the Byzantine East as late as the reign of [[Athalaric]], who was called ''του Ουαλεμεριακου'' (''tou Oualemeriakou'') by [[John Malalas]].{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=389, fn67}} ===Hunnic invasions and the Amals=== {{Main|History of the Huns}} [[File:Invasions of the Roman Empire 1.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Routes taken by Germanic invaders during the [[Migration Period]]]] In the late 4th century, the rise of the [[Huns]] forced many of the Goths and Alans to join them, while others moved westwards and eventually moved into Roman territory in the [[Balkans]]. Ostrogoths and Greuthungi, perhaps the same people, are believed to have been among the first Goths who were subdued by the Huns.{{sfn|Bury|2000|p=55}} Many Greuthungi entered the Roman Empire in 376 with [[Saphrax and Alatheus]], and many of these Goths probably subsequently joined Alaric, contributing to the formation of the [[Visigothic kingdom]].{{sfn|Heather|1999}} As discussed above a group of Ostrogoths and Greuthungi were apparently also settled in Phrygia in the 380s by the Romans. Otherwise, historical records only begin to mention the name of the Ostrogoths as the Gothic political entity that formed in the Balkans during the 5th century. The Amal-led Ostrogothic kingdom began to coalesce around the leadership of the [[Amal dynasty]] who had fought under [[Attila]], and later settled in [[Pannonia]]. The second major component of the Amal kingdom's population were the [[Thracian Goths]]. This occurred around 483/484.{{sfn|Heather|2007|p=73}}{{sfn|Heather|2003|p=90}} ====5th-century Pannonian Ostrogoths==== [[File:Europe and the Near East at 476 AD.png|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Barbarian kingdoms]] and tribes after the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]] in 476]] The Pannonian Ostrogoths had fought alongside both Alans and Huns.{{sfn|Todd|1999|p=177}} Like several other tribal peoples, they became one of the many Hunnic vassals fighting in Europe, as in the [[Battle of Chalons]] in 451, where the Huns were defeated by the Roman general Aetius, accompanied by a contingent of Alans, and Visigoths.{{sfn|Kim|2013|pp=75, 77}} Jordanes' account of this battle certainly cannot be trusted as he wrongly attributes a good portion of the victory to the Goths, when it was the Alans who formed the "backbone of Roman defences."{{sfn|Kim|2013|p=77}} More generally, Jordanes, depicts the Amals as an ancient royal family in his ''Getica'', making them traditionally preeminent among the Goths in Ukraine, both before and during the empire of Attila. [[Valamir]], the uncle of Theodoric the Great, is even depicted as Attila's most highly valued leader along with [[Ardaric]] of the Gepids.{{sfn|Jordanes|1915|p=107 [38.199–200]}} Modern historians such as [[Peter Heather]] believe this is an exaggeration, and point out that there were at least three factions of Goths in Attila's forces.{{sfn|Heather|2009|p=222}}{{sfn|Heather|2007|pp=46–47, 72–73}} The recorded history of the Ostrogoths as a political entity thus begins with their independence from the remains of the Hunnic Empire following the death of [[Attila the Hun]] in 453. Under Valimir they were among the peoples who were living in the [[Middle Danube]] region by this time, and whose freedom from domination by Attila's sons was confirmed by the [[Battle of Nedao]] in 454, which was led by the [[Gepids]]. It is unclear what role the Goths played in this battle, if any, and after the battle many Goths entered Roman military service, while only some began to coalesce under the leadership of Valamir and his two brothers, Vidimir and [[Theodemir (Ostrogothic king)|Theodemir]], the father of [[Theodoric the Great]].{{sfn|Burns|1984|pp=52–53}} These Amal-led Goths apparently first settled in the Pannonian area of [[Lake Balaton]] and Sirmium ([[Sremska Mitrovica]]), on the Roman Danube frontier. The land they acquired between Vindobona (Vienna) and Sirmium ([[Sremska Mitrovica]]) was not well-managed, a fact which rendered the Ostrogoths dependent upon Constantinople for subsidies.{{sfn|Todd|1999|p=178}}{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=260–261}} They came into conflict with other [[Middle Danube|Middle Danubian]] peoples including the Danubian [[Suebian]] kingdom of [[Hunimund]], and the [[Sciri]], who had arrived as part of the Hunnic empire, and this led to the death of Valimir, and eventual Gothic victory at the [[Battle of Bolia]] in 469, now under Theodemir. Theodemir, father of Theoderic, brought these Goths into East Roman territory in 473/474.{{sfn|Heather|2003|p=86}} The younger uncle of Theoderic, Vidimir, with his like-named son and some of the Pannonian Goths, headed to Italy and his son was eventually settled in Gaul.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=188, 268}} [[File:Hermitage hall 033 - 04.jpg|thumb|The Concesti helmet was found among the burial goods of a probable Ostrogothic Prince. [[Hermitage Museum]].{{sfn|Nicholson|2018|p=378}}]] Theodemir and Theoderic moved their Goths around the Balkans, while in the meantime, the Thracian Goths were the main focus of Gothic power. For some time they held a part of Macedonia, controlling part of the [[Via Egnatia]] between the major Roman cities of [[Durrës]] and [[Thessalonika]]. Theodemir died in [[Cyrrhus (Macedonia)|Cyrrhus]] in 474, having made sure that Theoderic (the future "Great") was designated as successor. In the same year, the other Theoderic ("Strabo"), fell out of favour with the new emperor Zeno.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=269–270}} ====5th-century Thracian Goths==== The 5th century Thracian Goths, according to Peter Heather, had probably become unified only in about the 460s, although they probably lived in the area since the 420s when a group of Goths under Hunnic influence already in Pannonia were detached and settled there.{{sfn|Heather|2003|pp=88, 91}} Wolfram has proposed that Theoderic Strabo was an Amal, whose father had split with Theoderic's branch only as recently as the time of the Battle of Nadao.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=32, 260}} They formed a military force which was loyal to [[Aspar]], the East Roman ''magister militum'' ("master of soldiers") of Alanic-Gothic descent, who was killed in 471. Aspar's death saw a change in the East Roman approach to Gothic military forces which he had been allied to. Theoderic Strabo led a revolt in 473 and was declared king of the Goths. As Wolfram noted, "His elevation as king in Thrace in 473 parallels the elevation of [[Odoacer]] in 476. [...] A Roman federate army sought to force through its demands by making its general king".{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=268}} He demanded to be recognized as the "sole Gothic king to whom all deserters had to be returned [...] and he further demanded the settling of his people in Thrace as well as the surrender of the institutional and material inheritance of Aspar. It took more bloodshed and devastation before the emperor formally agreed to the demands and promised in addition to pay two thousand pounds of gold each year." In return his Goths were ready to fight for Rome, except for a campaign against the [[Vandal kingdom]] in North Africa.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=269}} With the death of [[Leo II (Emperor)|Emperor Leo II]], and the succession of Aspar's old rival [[Zeno (Emperor)|Emperor Zeno]] in 474, the situation for the old Gothic party became increasingly difficult in the eastern empire, and Theoderic Strabo lost the support of the emperor. The younger Theoderic, son of Theodemir, was able to benefit from this.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=270}} ====Theodoric the Great and the Thracians==== About 476, Zeno, having removed support from Theoderic Strabo, started to give important honours to Theoderic, the son of Theodemir. He was adopted as a "son in arms", named as a friend of the emperor, and given the status of ''patricius'' and commander-in-chief. His kingdom, now based on the [[Lower Danube]] in Moesia, was recognized as a federate kingdom and granted (at least in theory) an annual subsidy.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=270}} However, when Zeno forced the two Gothic groups into a confrontation in 478, Theoderic Strabo petitioned the Amal-led Goths, making a case for Gothic unity.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=271–272}} Strabo also appealed to Zeno, but Zeno made new offers to Theoderic the Amal instead, but these were rejected. Warfare between the Goths and imperial forces ensued, and the Amal-led Goths once again became mobile, leaving Moesia. Zeno proposed a new federate kingdom for them in Dacia, north of the Danube, but instead the Goths attempted to take Durrës; however, Roman forces quickly repulsed them.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=271–274}} Between 479 and 481, it was the Thracian Goths under Theoderic Strabo who kept the Romans occupied, but in 481 Strabo died, when he fell from his horse and was impaled on a lance. His son Recitac was unable to retain Gothic support and was killed in 484 under orders from Theoderic the Amal, who united the two Gothic groups. Zeno was forced to conclude a treaty and Theoderic the Amal was named consul in 484. Hostilities between Theoderic the Amal's Goths and the Eastern Roman Empire began again by 487.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=276–278}} ===Kingdom in Italy=== {{History of Italy}} {{Main article|Ostrogothic Kingdom}} [[File:Ostrogothic Kingdom.png|upright=1.2|thumb|Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy]] The greatest of all Ostrogothic rulers, the future [[Theodoric the Great]] (whose Gothic name meant "leader of the people") of the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] (''Regnum Italiae'', "Kingdom of Italy"){{efn|See: http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cassiodorus/varia2.shtml Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator, ''Variae'', Lib. II., XLI. Luduin regi Francorum Theodericus rex}} was born to Theodemir in or about 454, soon after the Battle of Nedao. His childhood was spent at [[Constantinople]] as a diplomatic [[hostage]], where he was carefully educated.{{sfn|Backman|2008|p=68}} The early part of his life was taken up with various disputes, intrigues and wars within the [[Byzantine empire]], in which he had as his rival [[Theodoric Strabo]] of the [[Thracian Goths]], a distant relative of Theodoric the Great and son of [[Triarius]]. This older but lesser Theodoric seems to have been the chief, not the king, of that branch of the Ostrogoths that had settled within the Empire earlier. Theodoric the Great, as he is sometimes distinguished, was sometimes the friend, sometimes the enemy, of the Empire.{{sfn|Waldman|Mason|2006|p=575}} In the former case he was clothed with various Roman titles and offices, as [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|patrician]] and [[consul]]; but in all cases alike he remained the national Ostrogothic king.{{sfn|De Puy|1899|p=2865}} Theodoric is also known for his attainment of support from the [[Catholic Church]] and on one occasion, he even helped resolve a disputed papal election.{{sfn|Frassetto|2003|p=338}} During his reign, Theodoric, who was an [[Arianism|Arian]], allowed freedom of religion, which had not been done before. However, he did try to appease the [[Pope]] and tried to keep his alliance with the church strong. He saw the Pope as an authority not only in the church but also over Rome itself. His ability to work well with Italy's nobles, members of the Roman Senate, and the Catholic Church all helped facilitate his acceptance as the ruler of Italy.{{sfn|Frassetto|2003|pp=338–339}} Theodoric sought to revive Roman culture and government and in doing so, profited the Italian people.{{sfn|Cantor|1994|p=109}} It was in both characters together that he set out in 488, by commission from the [[Byzantine]] emperor [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]], to recover [[Italy]] from [[Odoacer]]. In 489, the [[Rugii]], a Germanic tribe who dwelt in the [[Hungarian Plain]], joined the Ostrogoths in their invasion of Italy under their leader [[Frideric]].{{sfn|Waldman|Mason|2006|p=665}} By 493 [[Ravenna]] was taken, where Theodoric would set up his capital. It was also at this time that Odoacer was killed by Theodoric's own hand.{{sfn|Waldman|Mason|2006|pp=575–576}} Ostrogothic power was fully established over Italy, [[Sicily]], [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]] and the lands to the north of Italy. Around 500, Theodoric celebrated his thirtieth anniversary as King of the Ostrogoths.{{sfn|Bury|2000|p=178}} In order to improve their chances against the Roman Empire the Ostrogoths and [[Visigoths]] began again to unite in what became a loose confederation of Germanic peoples.{{sfn|Waldman|Mason|2006|p=576}} The two branches of the nation were soon brought closer together; after he was forced to become regent of the Visigothic kingdom of [[Toulouse]], the power of Theodoric was practically extended over a large part of [[Gaul]] and over nearly the whole of the [[Iberian peninsula]]. Theodoric forged alliances with the Visigoths, Alamanni, Franks and Burgundians, some of which were accomplished through diplomatic marriages.{{sfn|Waldman|Mason|2006|p=576}} The Ostrogothic dominion was once again as far-reaching and splendid as it was in the time of [[Ermanaric|Hermanaric]]; however, it was now of a wholly different character. The dominion of Theodoric was not a [[barbarian]] but a [[civilization|civilized]] power. His twofold position ran through everything. He was at once king of the Goths and successor, though without any imperial titles, of the Western [[Roman emperor]]s. The two nations, differing in manners, language and religion, lived side by side on the soil of Italy; each was ruled according to its own law, by the prince who was, in his two separate characters, the common sovereign of both.{{sfn|De Puy|1899|p=2865}} Due to his ability to foster and leverage relations among the various Germanic kingdoms, the Byzantines began to fear Theodoric's power, which led to an alliance between the Byzantine emperor and the Frankish king, [[Clovis I]], a pact designed to counteract and ultimately overthrow the Ostrogoths. In some ways Theodoric may have been overly accommodating to both the Romans and other Gothic people as he placated Catholics and Arian Christians alike. Historian Herwig Wolfram suggests that Theodoric's efforts in trying to appease Latin and barbarian cultures in kind brought about the collapse of Ostrogothic predominance and also resulted in the "end of Italy as the heartland of late antiquity."{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=332}} All the years of creating a protective perimeter around Italy were broken down by the Franco-Byzantine coalition. Theodoric was able to temporarily salvage some of his realm with the assistance of the Thuringians.{{sfn|Wolfram|1997|pp=218–221}} Realizing that the Franks were the most significant threat to the Visigothic empire as well, Alaric II, (who was the son-in-law of Theodoric) enlisted the aid of the Burgundians and fought against the Franks at the urging of the magnates of his tribe, but this choice proved an error and he allegedly met his end at the hand of the Frankish king, Clovis.{{sfn|Wolfram|1997|p=155}} A time of confusion followed the death of [[Alaric II]] who was slain during the [[Battle of Vouillé]]. The Ostrogothic king Theodoric stepped in as the guardian of his grandson [[Amalaric]],{{sfn|Larned|1895|p=134}} and preserved for him all his Iberian and a fragment of his Gallic dominion. Toulouse passed to the [[Franks]] but the Goths kept [[Narbonne]] and its district and [[Septimania]], which was the last part of Gaul held by the Goths, keeping the name of Gothia for many years.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=230}} Theodoric claimed a kind of protectorate over a large part of Italy and his Goths were embraced by the Roman population as Rome's defenders and part of its victorious army, while Theodoric much fanfare was made of his alleged "royal ancestry" which favorably cast his clan "on par with an imperial dynasty."{{sfn|Arnold|2014|pp=118–119}} Romans were in some ways "reinvogorated" by these new Gothic warriors as "guardians of ''Romanitas''" who, along with their Italo-Roman neighbors created a new "Gothic aegis" for the western empire, while those outside of Theodoric's order were made into veritable "barbarians".{{sfn|Arnold|2014|p=133}} [[File:Musei civici6.jpg|thumb|left|Ostrogothic belt buckle, [[Pavia Civic Museums]]]] From 508 to 511 under Theodoric's command, the Ostrogoths marched on Gaul as the Vandal king of Carthage and Clovis made concerted efforts to weaken his hold on the Visigoths.{{sfn|Wolfram|1997|p=220}} On the death of Theodoric in 526, the eastern and western Goths were once again divided.{{sfn|De Puy|1899|p=2865}}{{sfn|Wolfram|1997|p=225}} By the late 6th century, the Ostrogoths lost their political identity and assimilated into other Germanic tribes.{{sfn|Waldman|Mason|2006|p=576}} [[File:Theodoric's Palace - Sant'Apollinare Nuovo - Ravenna 2016 (crop).jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Mosaic depicting the palace of Theodoric the Great in his palace chapel of [[San Apollinare Nuovo]]]] The picture of Theodoric's rule is drawn for us in the state papers drawn up, in his name and in the names of his successors, by his Roman minister [[Cassiodorus]]. The Goths seem to have been thick on the ground in northern Italy; in the south they formed little more than garrisons.{{sfn|De Puy|1899|p=2,865}} Meanwhile, the Frankish king Clovis fought protracted wars against various enemies while consolidating his rule, forming the embryonic stages of what would eventually become Medieval Europe.{{sfn|Collins|1999|pp=116–137}} ===War with Byzantium (535–554)=== {{Main article|Gothic War (535–554)}} [[File:Theodahad 534 536 Ostrogoth minted in Rome.jpg|thumb|upright|Coin of [[Theodahad]] (534-536), minted in [[Rome]] – he wears the barbaric [[moustache]].]] Absent the unifying presence of Theodoric, the Ostrogoths and Visigoths were unable to consolidate their realms despite their common Germanic kinship. The few instances where they acted together after this time are as scattered and incidental as they were before. Amalaric succeeded to the Visigothic kingdom in Iberia and Septimania. Theodoric's grandson [[Athalaric]] took on the mantle as king of the Ostrogoths for the next five years.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=334}} [[Provence]] was added to the dominion of the new Ostrogothic king Athalaric and through his daughter [[Amalasuntha]] who was named regent.{{sfn|Waldman|Mason|2006|p=576}} Both were unable to settle disputes among Gothic elites. [[Theodahad]], cousin of Amalasuntha and nephew of Theodoric through his sister, took over and slew them;{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=332–333, 337–340}} however, the usurping ushered in more bloodshed. Atop this infighting, the Ostrogoths faced the doctrinal challenges incurred from their Arian Christianity, which both the aristocracy of Byzantium and the papacy strongly opposed—so much that it brought them together.{{sfn|Wallace-Hadrill|2004|p=36}} The weakness of the Ostrogothic position in Italy now showed itself, particularly when Eastern Roman Emperor [[Justinian I]] enacted a law excluding pagans—among them Arian Christians and Jews—from public employment.{{sfn|Wallace-Hadrill|2004|p=36}} The Ostrogothic King Theodoric reacted by persecuting Catholics.{{sfn|Wallace-Hadrill|2004|p=36}} Nonetheless, Justinian always strove to restore as much of the Western Roman Empire as he could and certainly would not pass up the opportunity. Launched on both land and sea, Justinian began his war of reconquest.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=339}} In 535, he commissioned [[Belisarius]] to attack the Ostrogoths following the success he had in North Africa against the Vandals.{{sfn|Halsall|2007|pp=500–501}} It was Justinian's intention to recover Italy and Rome from the Goths.{{sfn|Halsall|2007|p=501}} Belisarius quickly captured Sicily and then crossed into Italy, where he captured Naples and Rome in December of 536. Sometime during the spring of 537, the Goths marched on Rome with upwards of 100,000 men under the leadership of [[Witiges]] and laid siege to the city, albeit unsuccessfully. Despite outnumbering the Romans by a five-to-one margin, the Goths could not loose Belisarius from the former western capital of the Empire.{{sfn|Oman|1902|pp=89–90}} After recuperating from siege warfare, Belisarius marched north, taking Mediolanum ([[Milan]]) and the Ostrogoth capital of Ravenna in 540.{{sfn|Halsall|2007|pp=502–503}} With the attack on Ravenna, Witiges and his men were trapped in the Ostrogothic capital. Belisarius proved more capable at [[siege warfare]] than his rival Witiges had been at Rome and the Ostrogoth ruler, who was also dealing with Frankish enemies, was forced to surrender, but not without terms. Belisarius refused to grant any concessions save unconditional surrender in view of the fact that Justinian wanted to make Witiges a vassal king in Trans-Padane Italy.{{sfn|Oman|1902|p=91}} This condition made for something of an impasse. A faction of the Gothic nobility pointed out that their own king [[Witiges]], who had just lost, was something of a weakling and they would need a new one. [[Eraric]], the leader of the group, endorsed Belisarius and the rest of the kingdom agreed, so they offered him their crown.{{sfn|Halsall|2007|p=503}} Belisarius was a soldier, not a statesman, and still loyal to Justinian. He made as if to accept the offer, rode to Ravenna to be crowned, and promptly arrested the leaders of the Goths and reclaimed their entire kingdom—no halfway settlements—for the Empire. Fearful that Belisarius might set himself up a permanent kingship should he consolidate his conquests, Justinian recalled him to Constantinople with Witiges in tow.{{sfn|Bauer|2010|p=208}} With the fall of Ravenna, the capital of the kingdom was brought to [[Pavia]], which became the last center of Ostrogothic resistance against Eastern Roman rule.{{sfn|Thompson|1982|pp=95–96}} [[File:Totila fa dstruggere la città di Firenze.jpg|thumb|left|Totila razes the walls of [[Florence]]: illumination from the Chigi manuscript of [[Giovanni Villani|Villani's ''Cronica'']]]] As soon as Belisarius was gone, the remaining Ostrogoths elected a new king named [[Totila]]. Under the brilliant command of Totila, the Goths were able to reassert themselves to a degree. For a period of nearly ten years, control for Italy became a seesaw battle between Byzantine and Ostrogothic forces.{{sfn|Bauer|2010|p=210}} Totila eventually recaptured all of northern Italy and even drove the Byzantines out of Rome, thereby affording him the opportunity to take political control of the city, partly by executing the Roman senatorial order. Many of them fled eastwards for Constantinople.{{sfn|Halsall|2007|p=504}} By 550 Justinian was able to put together an enormous force, an assembly designed to recover his losses and subdue any Gothic resistance. In 551, the Roman navy destroyed Totila's fleet and in 552 an overwhelming Byzantine force under [[Narses]] entered Italy from the north. Attempting to surprise the invading Byzantines, Totila gambled with his forces at [[Battle of Taginae|Taginaei]], where he was slain.{{sfn|Halsall|2007|p=504}} Broken but not yet defeated, the Ostrogoths made one final stand at Campania under a chief named Teia, but when he was also killed in battle at [[Nuceria]] they finally capitulated. On surrendering, they informed Narses that evidently "the hand of God was against them" and so they left Italy for the northern lands of their fathers.{{sfn|Oman|1902|pp=95–96}} After that final defeat, the Ostrogothic name wholly died. The nation had practically evaporated with Theodoric's death. The leadership of western Europe therefore passed by default to the Franks. Consequently, Ostrogothic failure and Frankish success were crucial for the development of [[early medieval Europe]], for Theodoric had made it "his intention to restore the vigor of Roman government and Roman culture".{{sfn|Cantor|1994|p=105–107}} The chance of forming a national state in Italy by the union of Roman and Germanic elements, such as those that arose in Gaul, in Iberia, and in parts of Italy under Lombard rule, was thus lost. The failures of the barbarian kingdoms to maintain control of the regions they conquered were partly the result of leadership vacuums like those which resulted from the death of Theodoric (also the lack of male succession) and Totila but additionally as a consequence of political fragmentation amid the Germanic tribes as their loyalties wavered between their kin and their erstwhile enemies. Frankish entry onto the geopolitical map of Europe also bears into play: had the Ostrogoths attained more military success against the Byzantines on the battlefield by combining the strength of other Germanic tribes, this could have changed the direction of Frankish loyalty.{{sfn|Halsall|2007|pp=505–512}} Military success or defeat and political legitimacy were interrelated in barbarian society.{{sfn|Halsall|2007|p=512}} Nevertheless, according to Roman historian [[Procopius of Caesarea]], the Ostrogothic population was allowed to live peacefully in Italy with their Rugian allies under Roman sovereignty. They later joined the Lombards during their conquest of Italy.{{efn|''De Bello Gothico'' IV 32, pp.&nbsp;241–245; this reference stems from the pen of the Byzantine historian, Procopius, who accompanied Justinian's leading general, Belisarius, on his exploits between 527 and 540. This included the campaigns against the Ostrogoths, which is the subject of ''De Bello Gothico''.}} ==Culture== [[File:Orecchini ostrogoti.jpg|thumb|Ostrogoth ear jewels, Metropolitan Museum of Art]] Surviving Gothic writings in the [[Gothic language]] include the Bible of [[Ulfilas]] and other religious writings and fragments. In terms of Gothic legislation in [[Latin]], one finds the [[edict of Theodoric]] from around the year 500, and the ''Variae'' of Cassiodorus, which may also pass as a collection of the state papers of Theodoric and his immediate successors. Among the Visigoths, written laws had already been put forth by [[Euric]]. Alaric II put forth a Breviarium of [[Roman law]] for his Roman subjects; but the great collection of Visigothic laws dates from the later days of the monarchy, being put forth by King [[Reccaswinth]] about 654. This code gave occasion to some well-known comments by Montesquieu and [[Edward Gibbon|Gibbon]], and has been discussed by Savigny (''Geschichte des römischen Rechts'', ii. 65) and various other writers. They are printed in the ''Monumenta Germaniae, leges'', tome i. (1902).{{sfn|Freeman|1911|p=275}} Amid Gothic histories that remain, besides that of the frequently quoted Jordanes, there is the Gothic history of [[Isidore]], archbishop of [[Seville]], a special source of the history of the Visigothic kings down to [[Suinthila]] (621–631). But all the Latin and [[Greek language|Greek]] writers contemporary with the days of Gothic predominance also made their contributions. Not for special facts, but for a general estimate, no writer is more instructive than [[Salvian of Marseilles]] in the 5th century, whose work, ''De Gubernatione Dei'', is full of passages contrasting the vices of the Romans with the virtues of the "barbarians", especially of the Goths. In all such pictures one must allow a good deal for exaggeration both ways, but there must be a groundwork of truth. The chief virtues that the [[Roman Catholic]] [[presbyter]] praises in the Arian Goths are their chastity, their piety according to their own creed, their tolerance towards the Catholics under their rule, and their general good treatment of their Roman subjects. He even ventures to hope that such good people may be saved, notwithstanding their [[Christian heresy|heresy]]. This image must have had some basis in truth, but it is not very surprising that the later Visigoths of Iberia had fallen away from Salvian's somewhat idealistic picture.{{sfn|Freeman|1911|p=275}} ==6th-century Scandinavian Ostrogoths (Jordanes)== [[File:Scandza.PNG|thumb|right|Possible map of [[Scandza]] based on [[Jordanes]]' work]] Jordanes named a people called the Ostrogoths (''Ostrogothae'') in a list of many peoples living on the large island of "Scandza", north of the mouth of the [[Vistula]], which most modern scholars understand to refer to the Scandinavian peninsula. The implication was that these Ostrogoths were living there in the 6th century, during the lifetime of Jordanes or his source [[Cassiodorus]]—the same period when there was a powerful Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy. The list itself mentions a [[Rodulf (petty king)|Roduulf]], king of the [[Ranii]] who lived in Scandza near the Dani ([[Danes]]). It says he had despised his own kingdom and came to Italy and then received the embrace of Theoderic the Great there.{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=267–268}} This Roduulf has thus been proposed as a possible source of information about Scandinavian peoples, because Cassiodorus was an important statesman at Theoderic's court.{{sfn|Christensen|2002|p=270}}{{sfn|Ghosh|2015|p=49}}{{efn|It has even been suggested that Roduulf is the same king of that name who is known from other sources to have been king of the Danube Heruli until he was defeated by the Lombards some time between 494 and 508. [[Procopius]] and [[Paul the Deacon]] mention him, and Jordanes mentions a king of the Heruli in this period who was adopted as a son in arms by Theoderic, without naming him. Strikingly, Procopius mentions that some of the Heruli nobility migrated to Scandinavia after the defeat of Roduulf, and some of these later returned to the Balkan area (''Gothic Wars'', [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Wars/Book_VI#XIV VI, 14–15]), while in his Scandza list, Jordanes mentions that Heruli had lived near the Dani, like the Ostrogothae he mentions, but had been forced to leave.}} On the other hand, scholars have come to no consensus about when the list was made, and by whom, nor how to interpret most of the names in the list. Arne Søby Christensen, in his detailed analysis lists three possibilities:{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=250–299}} *that Jordanes believed some Ostrogoths had emigrated north, or... *that a similar name "Eastern Goths" had been coined in Scandinavia, where there were a people with the related name, the [[Gauts]], or... *that a source of Jordanes, for example Cassiodorus, had created this form of the name, perhaps having heard of the Gauts. It has been pointed out by [[Walter Goffart]] that Jordanes (V.38) also digresses specially to criticize stories going around Constantinople, that the Goths had once been slaves in Britain or another northern island, and had been freed for the price of a nag. Goffart argues that Jordanes likely rejected the idea that the Goths should be simply sent north to their alleged land of origin. Goffart points out that Procopius—a contemporary of Jordanes—reports that [[Belisarius]] offered Britain to the Ostrogoths (''Gothic Wars'', [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Wars/Book_VI#VI VI, 6]); Goffart also suggests this may be connected to the stories mentioned by Jordanes.{{sfn|Ghosh|2015|pp=52–53}}{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=254, 270}} Fundamental to the question of the Scandza list, which mentions the Ostrogothae, there has been much scholarly discussion about why Jordanes claimed that Scandinavia was a "womb of the nations",{{sfn|Jordanes|1915|p=57 [4.25]}} and the point of origin to not only the Goths but also many other northern barbarian peoples. Before Jordanes, there was already a Judaeo-Christian tradition equating the Goths and other "Scythian" peoples with the descendants of [[Gog and Magog]], who readers of the [[Book of Ezekiel]] and the [[Book of Revelation]] might otherwise associate with distant islands.{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=243–252}} ==Ostrogothic rulers== ===[[Amal dynasty]]=== * [[Valamir]] r. 447 &ndash; c. 465 succeeded by his brother... * [[Theodemir (Ostrogothic king)|Theodemir]] r. c. 465 &ndash; 475 succeeded by his son... * [[Theodoric the Great]] r. 475–526 succeeded by his grandson... * [[Athalaric]] r. 526–534 succeeded by his mother... * Queen [[Amalasuntha]], r. 534–535 the daughter of Theodoric, succeeded by her first cousin... * [[Theodahad]] r. 535–536 the son of Theodoric's sister. ===Later kings=== * [[Witiges]] r. 536–540 * [[Ildibad]] r. 540–541 * [[Eraric]] r. 541 * [[Totila]] (also ''Baduila'') r. 541–552 * [[Teia|Theia]] (also ''Teia(s)'', ''Teja'') r. 552–553 ==See also== * [[List of Germanic tribes]] * [[Crimean Goths]] * [[Oium]] * [[Wielbark culture]] == References == ===Notes=== {{notelist}} === Citations === {{Reflist}} === Sources === {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book|author-link=Patrick Amory |title=People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=0-521-52635-3 |doi=10.1086/ahr/103.5.1569 |first=Patrick |last=Amory}}. * {{cite book | last=Arnold | first=Jonathan J.| title=Theoderic and the Roman Imperial Administration | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge; New York | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-107-05440-0}} * {{cite book | last=Backman| first=Clifford R | year=2008 | title= The Worlds of Medieval Europe | place= Oxford and New York | publisher= Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-533527-9}} * {{cite book| last=Bauer | first=Susan Wise | year=2010 | title=The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade | place=New York | publisher= W.W. Norton & Company | isbn= 978-0-39305-975-5}} * {{cite book | last=Burns | first=Thomas | year=1984 | title=A History of the Ostrogoths | place=Bloomington and Indianapolis | publisher=Indiana University Press | isbn=0-253-32831-4 | url=https://archive.org/details/historyoftheostr00burn }} * {{cite book | last=Bury | first=J. B. | year=2000 | title=The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians | place=New York | publisher=W.W. Norton & Company | isbn=978-0-39300-388-8 | url=https://archive.org/details/invasionofeurope00jbjo }} *{{cite book |last1=Cameron |first1=Alan |author-link1=Alan Cameron (classical scholar) |last2=Long |first2=Jacqueline |last3=Sherry |first3=Lee |year=1993 |title=Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6t44B0-a98C |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=0520065506 }} * {{cite book |last=Cantor |first=Norman F. | year=1994 | title =The Civilization of the Middle Ages |location= New York | publisher=Harper Perennial | isbn=0-06-092553-1 }} * {{cite book|last=Christensen |first=Arne Søby|author-link=Arne Søby Christensen|title=Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths: Studies in a Migration Myth |year=2002| location=Copenhagen|publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press |isbn=9788772897103|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AcLDHOqOt4cC }} * {{cite book | last= Collins | first = Roger | year=1999 | title=Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000 | place=New York | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | isbn=978-0-33365-808-6 }} * {{cite book | last=Dalby | first=Andrew | year=1999 | title=Dictionary of Languages | place=New York | publisher=Columbia University Press | isbn=978-0-23111-568-1 | url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflang00dalb }} * {{cite book | last=De Puy | first=William Harrison | year=1899 | title= The World-wide Encyclopedia and Gazetteer (vol 4)| place=New York | publisher=Werner Co. }} * ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', "Ostrogoth", stable URL: https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/434454/Ostrogoth * {{cite book | last=Frassetto | first=Michael | year=2003 | title=Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation | place=Santa Barbara, CA | publisher=ABC-CLIO | isbn=978-1-57607-263-9 }} * {{cite EB1911|wstitle= Goths |volume= 12 | pages = 272&ndash;276 |last1= Freeman |first1= Edward Augustus |author-link= Edward Augustus Freeman}} * {{cite book | last=Ghosh | first=Shami| year=2015 | title=Writing the Barbarian Past: Studies in Early Medieval Historical Narrative | place=Leiden | publisher=Brill | isbn=978-9-00430-581-6 }} * {{cite book| last=Halsall | first=Guy | year=2007 | title= Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568 | place= Cambridge and New York | publisher= Cambridge University Press | isbn= 978-0-52143-543-7 }} *{{cite journal|last=Heather |first=Peter |title=The Anti-Scythian Tirade of Synesius' "De Regno"| journal=Phoenix| volume= 42 |issue=2 |year=1988| page=156|doi=10.2307/1088231 |jstor=1088231}} *{{cite journal|title=Cassiodorus and the Rise of the Amals: Genealogy and the Goths under Hun Domination |first= Peter |last=Heather |journal=The Journal of Roman Studies |volume=79 |year=1989 |pages=103–128 |doi=10.2307/301183 |jstor=301183|s2cid= 162977685 }} * {{Cite book |last=Heather |first=Peter | title=The Goths |year=1996 |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell Publishers | isbn=0-631-16536-3 }} *{{citation|last=Heather| first=Peter |title=The Visigoths from the Migration Period to the Seventh Century: An Ethnographic Perspective| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0QLwfButJokC | year=1999 |chapter=The Creation of the Visigoths| publisher=Boydell & Brewer | isbn=978-0851157627 }} *{{citation|year=2003|last=Heather|first=Peter|chapter=''Gens'' and ''Regnum'' among the Ostrogoths |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RovRlJkrncEC |title=Regna and Gentes: The Relationship Between Late Antique and Early Medieval Peoples and Kingdoms in the Transformation of the Roman World |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9004125248|editor1-first=Hans-Werner |editor1-last=Goetz |editor2-first=Jörg |editor2-last=Jarnut |editor3-first=Walter |editor3-last=Pohl}} *{{citation|year=2007|last=Heather |first=Peter|title=Linguistic and Literary Traces of the Ostrogoths, The Ostrogoths from the Migration Period to the Sixth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective|editor-last1=Barnish |editor-last2=Marazzi|series=Studies in Historical Archaeoethnology|volume=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0WnZ2vDfEkC |chapter=Merely an Ideology? – Gothic identity in Ostrogothic Italy|isbn=978-1843830740 }} * {{cite book|last=Heather|first=Peter|year=2009|title=Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe|place=Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-989226-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ho8sAQAAIAAJ}} * {{cite book |last=Heather |first=Peter |author-link1=Peter Heather | year=2018 | chapter=Ostrogoths |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-3493? |editor=Oliver Nicholson | title=The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity |volume=2, J–Z | location=Oxford and New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | isbn=978-0-19881-625-6}} * {{cite book | last=Jordanes | year=1915 | title=The Gothic History of Jordanes | others=Translated by Charles C. Mierow | location=London | publisher=Oxford University Press | oclc=463056290 }} * {{cite book | last=Kim | first=Hyun Jin | year=2013| title=The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe | place= Cambridge and New York | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-1-10700-906-6}} *{{citation|chapter=Nation versus Army: A necessary contrast? |last=Kulikowski |first=Michael |pages=69–84 |title=On barbarian identity. Critical approaches to ethnicity in the early middle ages|editor-last=Gillett |editor-first=Andrew |location= Turnhout |year=2002}} * {{cite book | editor-last=Larned | editor-first= J. N. | year=1895 | title= History for Ready Reference | place= Cambridge, MA| publisher= C.A. Nichols }} * {{citation|title=Claudian's In Eutropium: Or, How, When, and Why to Slander a Eunuch |first=Jacqueline |last=Long |year=1996 |chapter=5 |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0807863053 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-U6CwAAQBAJ}} * {{cite book |last=Nicholson |first=Oliver |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity | year=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-256246-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A09WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA378}} * {{cite book| last=Oman | first=Charles W.C | year=1902 | title= The Byzantine Empire | place=New York | publisher= G.P. Putnam’s Sons }} * {{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Edward Arthur |title=Romans and Barbarians: Decline of the Western Empire |date=1982 |publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press |location=Madison |isbn=978-0-29908-700-5}} * {{cite book| last=Todd | first=Malcolm | year=1999 | title= The Early Germans | place= Oxford | publisher= Blackwell | isbn=0-631-16397-2 }} * {{cite book | last1=Waldman | first1=Carl | last2=Mason | first2 = Allan R. | title=Encyclopedia of European Peoples | year=2006 | location=New York | publisher=Facts on File | isbn=978-0-81604-964-6 }} * {{cite book | last=Wallace-Hadrill | first=J. M. | title=The Barbarian West, 400–1000 | year=2004 | place=Malden, MA | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | isbn=978-0-63120-292-9 }} * {{cite book | last=Wolfram | first=Herwig | year=1988 | title=History of the Goths | place=Berkeley and Los Angeles| publisher=University of California Press | isbn= 978-0-52006-983-1 }} * {{cite book | last=Wolfram | first=Herwig | year=1997 | title=The Roman Empire and its Germanic Peoples | place=Berkeley and Los Angeles| publisher=University of California Press | isbn= 0-520-08511-6 }} {{refend}} == External links == * {{Commons category-inline|Ostrogoths}} {{-}} {{Germanic peoples}} [[Category:Ostrogoths| ]] [[Category:Early Germanic peoples]] [[Category:History of the Balkans]] [[Category:Ancient Italian history]] [[de:Goten#Ostgoten]]'
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'@@ -26,5 +26,5 @@ Following the death of Theodoric, there was a period of instability, eventually tempting the [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Justinian]] to declare war on the Ostrogoths in 535, in an effort to restore the former [[Western Roman Empire|western provinces of the Roman Empire]]. Initially, the Byzantines were successful, but under the leadership of [[Totila]], the [[Goths]] reconquered most of the lost territory until Totila's death at the [[Battle of Taginae]]. [[Gothic War (535–554)|The war]] lasted almost 21 years and caused enormous damage across Italy, reducing the population of the peninsula. Any remaining Ostrogoths in Italy were absorbed into the [[Lombards]], who established [[Lombard Kingdom|a kingdom in Italy]] in 568. -As with other Gothic groups, the history of the peoples who made them up before they reached the [[History of the Balkans#Roman period|Roman Balkans]] is difficult to reconstruct in detail. However, the Ostrogoths are associated with the earlier [[Greuthungi]]. The Ostrogoths themselves were commonly referred to simply as Goths even in the 5th century. However, before then they were referred to once, in a poem by [[Claudian]] which associates them with a group of Greuthungi, settled as a military unit in [[Phrygia]]. The 6th century historian of the Goths [[Jordanes]] also equated the Ostrogoths of his time to the Goths ruled by King [[Ermanaric]] in the 4th century, who the Roman writer [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] had called Greuthungi, and described as living between the [[Dniester]] and [[Don (river)|Don]] rivers. These Greuthungi Goths were attacked by [[Huns]] and [[Alans]] from the east, and it was reportedly for this reason that large groups of Goths moved into the Roman Empire, while others became subservient to the Huns. +As with other Gothic groups, the history of the peoples who made them up before they reached the [[History of the Balkans#Roman period|Roman Balkans]] is difficult to reconstruct in detail. However, the Ostrogoths are associated with the earlier [[Greuthungi]]. The Ostrogoths themselves were commonly referred to simply as Goths even in the 5th century. However, before then they were referred to once, in a poem by [[Claudian]] which associates them with a group of Greuthungi, settled as a military unit in [[Phrygia]]. The 6th century historian of the Goths [[Jordanes]] also equated the Ostrogoths of his time to the Goths ruled by King [[Ermanaric]] in the 4th century, who the Roman writer [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] had called Greuthungi, and described as living between the [[Dniester]] and [[Don (river)|Don]] rivers. These Greuthungi Goths were attacked by [[Huns]] and [[Alans]] from the east, and it was reportedly for this reason that large groups of Goths moved into the Roman Empire, while others became subservient to the Huns. The Ostrogoths are really cool ==Goths== '
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[ 0 => 'As with other Gothic groups, the history of the peoples who made them up before they reached the [[History of the Balkans#Roman period|Roman Balkans]] is difficult to reconstruct in detail. However, the Ostrogoths are associated with the earlier [[Greuthungi]]. The Ostrogoths themselves were commonly referred to simply as Goths even in the 5th century. However, before then they were referred to once, in a poem by [[Claudian]] which associates them with a group of Greuthungi, settled as a military unit in [[Phrygia]]. The 6th century historian of the Goths [[Jordanes]] also equated the Ostrogoths of his time to the Goths ruled by King [[Ermanaric]] in the 4th century, who the Roman writer [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] had called Greuthungi, and described as living between the [[Dniester]] and [[Don (river)|Don]] rivers. These Greuthungi Goths were attacked by [[Huns]] and [[Alans]] from the east, and it was reportedly for this reason that large groups of Goths moved into the Roman Empire, while others became subservient to the Huns. The Ostrogoths are really cool' ]
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[ 0 => 'As with other Gothic groups, the history of the peoples who made them up before they reached the [[History of the Balkans#Roman period|Roman Balkans]] is difficult to reconstruct in detail. However, the Ostrogoths are associated with the earlier [[Greuthungi]]. The Ostrogoths themselves were commonly referred to simply as Goths even in the 5th century. However, before then they were referred to once, in a poem by [[Claudian]] which associates them with a group of Greuthungi, settled as a military unit in [[Phrygia]]. The 6th century historian of the Goths [[Jordanes]] also equated the Ostrogoths of his time to the Goths ruled by King [[Ermanaric]] in the 4th century, who the Roman writer [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] had called Greuthungi, and described as living between the [[Dniester]] and [[Don (river)|Don]] rivers. These Greuthungi Goths were attacked by [[Huns]] and [[Alans]] from the east, and it was reportedly for this reason that large groups of Goths moved into the Roman Empire, while others became subservient to the Huns.' ]
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'<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">5th–6th-century Germanic ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218072481">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Ostrogoths</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="border-top: #aaa 1px solid; border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid;">People</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Theodoric_the_Great_Ravenna_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Tomb_of_Theodoric_the_Great_Ravenna_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Theodoric_the_Great_Ravenna_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Tomb_of_Theodoric_the_Great_Ravenna_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Theodoric_the_Great_Ravenna_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Tomb_of_Theodoric_the_Great_Ravenna_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_Theodoric_the_Great_Ravenna_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="5120" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Theodoric" title="Mausoleum of Theodoric">Mausoleum of Theodoric</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, Italy</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data">Germanic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Balkans</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Germanic</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Ostrogoths</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Ostrogothi, Austrogothi</i>) were a <a href="/wiki/Roman-era" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-era">Roman-era</a> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic people</a>. In the 5th century, they followed the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> in creating one of the two great <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> kingdoms within the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, drawing upon the large Gothic populations who had settled in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> in the 4th century. While the Visigoths had formed under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric I</a>, the new Ostrogothic political entity which came to rule Italy was formed in the Balkans under <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a>. </p><p>Theoderic's family, the <a href="/wiki/Amal_dynasty" title="Amal dynasty">Amal dynasty</a>, accumulated royal power in Roman <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> after the death of <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a>, and collapse of his <a href="/wiki/Hunnic_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunnic empire">Hunnic empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Emperor Zeno</a> played these Pannonian Goths off against the <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a> to their south. However, instead the two groups united after the death of the Thracian leader <a href="/wiki/Theoderic_Strabo" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoderic Strabo">Theoderic Strabo</a> and his son Recitach. Zeno then backed Theodoric to invade Italy and replace <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a> there, whom he had previously supported as its king. In 493, Theodoric established the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, when he defeated Odoacer's forces and killed his rival at a banquet. </p><p>Following the death of Theodoric, there was a period of instability, eventually tempting the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Justinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian">Justinian</a> to declare war on the Ostrogoths in 535, in an effort to restore the former <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">western provinces of the Roman Empire</a>. Initially, the Byzantines were successful, but under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> reconquered most of the lost territory until Totila's death at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taginae" title="Battle of Taginae">Battle of Taginae</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">The war</a> lasted almost 21 years and caused enormous damage across Italy, reducing the population of the peninsula. Any remaining Ostrogoths in Italy were absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>, who established <a href="/wiki/Lombard_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombard Kingdom">a kingdom in Italy</a> in 568. </p><p>As with other Gothic groups, the history of the peoples who made them up before they reached the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans#Roman_period" title="History of the Balkans">Roman Balkans</a> is difficult to reconstruct in detail. However, the Ostrogoths are associated with the earlier <a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a>. The Ostrogoths themselves were commonly referred to simply as Goths even in the 5th century. However, before then they were referred to once, in a poem by <a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a> which associates them with a group of Greuthungi, settled as a military unit in <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>. The 6th century historian of the Goths <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> also equated the Ostrogoths of his time to the Goths ruled by King <a href="/wiki/Ermanaric" title="Ermanaric">Ermanaric</a> in the 4th century, who the Roman writer <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> had called Greuthungi, and described as living between the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Don_(river)" title="Don (river)">Don</a> rivers. These Greuthungi Goths were attacked by <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> from the east, and it was reportedly for this reason that large groups of Goths moved into the Roman Empire, while others became subservient to the Huns. The Ostrogoths are really cool </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Goths"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Goths</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Gothic_language"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Gothic language</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#The_Greuthungi_and_Ostrogothi_before_the_Huns"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">The Greuthungi and Ostrogothi before the Huns</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Hunnic_invasions_and_the_Amals"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Hunnic invasions and the Amals</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#5th-century_Pannonian_Ostrogoths"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">5th-century Pannonian Ostrogoths</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#5th-century_Thracian_Goths"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">5th-century Thracian Goths</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Theodoric_the_Great_and_the_Thracians"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Theodoric the Great and the Thracians</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Kingdom_in_Italy"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Kingdom in Italy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#War_with_Byzantium_(535–554)"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">War with Byzantium (535–554)</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#6th-century_Scandinavian_Ostrogoths_(Jordanes)"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">6th-century Scandinavian Ostrogoths (Jordanes)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Ostrogothic_rulers"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Ostrogothic rulers</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Amal_dynasty"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Amal dynasty</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Later_kings"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Later kings</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Goths">Goths</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrogoths&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Goths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chernyakhov_culture" title="Chernyakhov culture">Chernyakhov culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oium" title="Oium">Oium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic runic inscriptions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chernyakhov.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chernyakhov.PNG/220px-Chernyakhov.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chernyakhov.PNG/330px-Chernyakhov.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chernyakhov.PNG/440px-Chernyakhov.PNG 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0f0; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;Traditional <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6taland" title="Götaland">Götaland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f08; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;Island of <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f00; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Wielbark_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Wielbark Culture">Wielbark Culture</a>, early 3rd century</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f80; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Chernyakhov_culture" title="Chernyakhov culture">Chernyakhov culture</a>, early 4th century</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#80f; color:white;">&#160;</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The Ostrogoths were one of several peoples referred to more generally as Goths. The Goths appear in Roman records starting in the third century, in the regions north of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Danube" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Danube">Lower Danube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2009109–110_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2009109–110-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup> They competed for influence and Roman subsidies with peoples who had lived longer in the area, such as the <a href="/wiki/Carpi_(people)" title="Carpi (people)">Carpi</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>, and they contributed men to the Roman military.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2009116,_127–128_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2009116,_127–128-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup> Based on their Germanic language and material culture, it is believed that their Gothic culture derived from cultures from the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> river in the north, now in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and originally from <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6taland" title="Götaland">Götaland</a> (in English Western and Eastern Gothlands) and <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2009115–117_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2009115–117-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup> By the third century, the Goths were already composed of sub-groups with their own names, because the <a href="/wiki/Tervingi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tervingi">Tervingi</a>, who bordered on the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian mountains">Carpathian mountains</a>, were mentioned separately on at least one occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198824_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram198824-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The Ostrogoths, not mentioned until later, are associated with the Greuthungi who lived further east. The dividing line between the Tervingi and the Greuthungi, was reported by Ammianus to be the <a href="/wiki/Dniester_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dniester River">Dniester River</a>, and to the east of the Greuthungi were <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> living near the River Don.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2009151–153_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2009151–153-5">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Gothic_language">Gothic language</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrogoths&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Gothic language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic language</a></div> <p>The Ostrogoths in Italy used a Gothic language which had both spoken and written forms, and which is best attested today in the surviving translation of the Bible by <a href="/wiki/Ulfilas" title="Ulfilas">Ulfilas</a>. Goths were a minority in all the places they lived within the Roman empire, and no Gothic language or distinct Gothic ethnicity has survived. On the other hand, the Gothic language texts which the Ostrogothic kingdom helped preserve are the only eastern Germanic language with "continuous texts" surviving, and the earliest significant remnants of any <a href="/wiki/Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic language">Germanic language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">&#91;a&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrogoths&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_the_Goths" title="Name of the Goths">Name of the Goths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greuthungi#Etymology" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi §&#160;Etymology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GNM_-_Gotische_Fibeln.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/GNM_-_Gotische_Fibeln.jpg/170px-GNM_-_Gotische_Fibeln.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/GNM_-_Gotische_Fibeln.jpg/255px-GNM_-_Gotische_Fibeln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/GNM_-_Gotische_Fibeln.jpg/340px-GNM_-_Gotische_Fibeln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Ostrogothic bow-fibulae (c. 500) from <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first part of the word "Ostrogoth" comes from a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> root <i>*auster-</i> meaning 'eastern'. According to the proposal of Wolfram, this was originally a boastful tribal name meaning "Goths of the rising sun", or "Goths glorified by the rising sun".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198825,_387_fn49,_388_fn58_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram198825,_387_fn49,_388_fn58-9">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">&#91;b&#93;</a></sup> By the 6th century, however, Jordanes, for example, believed that the Visigoths and Ostrogoths were two contrasting names simply meaning western and eastern Goths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198824_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram198824-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002206_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002206-11">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrogoths&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Greuthungi_and_Ostrogothi_before_the_Huns">The Greuthungi and Ostrogothi before the Huns</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrogoths&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: The Greuthungi and Ostrogothi before the Huns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></div> <p>The nature of the divisions of the Goths before the arrival of the Huns is uncertain, but throughout all their history the Ostrogoths are only mentioned by that name very rarely, and normally in very uncertain contexts. Among other Gothic group names, however, they are associated with the Greuthungi. Scholarly opinions are divided about this connection. Historian <a href="/wiki/Herwig_Wolfram" title="Herwig Wolfram">Herwig Wolfram</a> sees these as two names for one people as will be discussed below. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Heather" title="Peter Heather">Peter Heather</a>, in contrast, has written that: </p> <blockquote><p>Ostrogoths in the sense of the group led by Theodoric to Italy stand at the end of complex processes of fragmentation and unification involving a variety of groups—mostly but not solely Gothic it seems—and the better, more contemporary, evidence argues against the implication derived from Jordanes that Ostrogoths are Greuthungi by another name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2007404_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2007404-12">&#91;10&#93;</a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some historians go much further than Heather, questioning whether we can assume any single ethnicity, even Gothic, which united the Ostrogoths before they were politically united by the Amal clan.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">&#91;c&#93;</a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gothic_Kingdoms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gothic_Kingdoms.png/220px-Gothic_Kingdoms.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gothic_Kingdoms.png/330px-Gothic_Kingdoms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gothic_Kingdoms.png/440px-Gothic_Kingdoms.png 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Gothic migrations and kingdoms</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:230_CE,_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/230_CE%2C_Europe.svg/220px-230_CE%2C_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/230_CE%2C_Europe.svg/330px-230_CE%2C_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/230_CE%2C_Europe.svg/440px-230_CE%2C_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>Europe in 230 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>One dubious early mention of the Ostrogoths is found in the much later-written <i>Historia Augusta</i>, but it distinguishes the Ostrogoths and Greuthungi. In the article for Emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a> (reigned 268–270), the following list of "<a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a>" peoples is given who had been conquered by the emperor when he earned his title "Gothicus": "<i>peuci trutungi </i>austorgoti<i> uirtingi sigy pedes celtae etiam eruli</i>". These words are traditionally edited by modern scholars to include well-known peoples: "<i><a href="/wiki/Peuci" class="mw-redirect" title="Peuci">Peuci</a>, Grutungi, </i>Austrogoti<i>, Tervingi, Visi, Gipedes, <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtae</a> etiam et <a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Eruli</a></i>" (emphasis added). However, this work is not considered reliable, especially for contemporary terminology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002201–205_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002201–205-14">&#91;11&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The first record of a Gothic sub-group acting in its own name, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Tervingi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tervingi">Tervingi</a>, was dated from 291.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198824,_fn52_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram198824,_fn52-15">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">&#91;13&#93;</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesi">Vesi</a>, and Ostrogothi are all attested no earlier than 388.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198824_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram198824-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The Ostrogoths were first definitely mentioned more than one hundred years later than the Tervingi in 399, and this is the only certain mention of this name at all before the Amals created their kingdom of Italy. A poem by <a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a> describes Ostrogoths who are mixed with Greuthungi and settled in <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> together as a disgruntled barbarian military force, who had once fought against Rome, but were now supposed to fight for it. Claudian only uses the term Ostrogoth once in the long poem, but in other references to this same group he more often calls them Greuthungi or "<a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getic</a>" (an older word used poetically for Goths in this period). These Goths came to be led into rebellion by <a href="/wiki/Tribigild" title="Tribigild">Tribigild</a>, a Roman general of Gothic background. Much later <a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a> also described Tribigild and his rebellion against the eunuch <a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(consul_399)" title="Eutropius (consul 399)">consul Eutropius</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gainas" title="Gainas">Gainas</a>, the aggrieved Gothic general sent to fight Tribigild, openly joined forces with him after the death of Eutropius. Zosimus believed that was conspiracy between the two Goths from the beginning.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">&#91;d&#93;</a></sup> It is generally believed by historians that this Phrygian settlement of Greuthingi, referred to as including Ostrogoths, were part of the Greuthungi-led force led by <a href="/wiki/Odotheus" title="Odotheus">Odotheus</a> in 386, and not the Greuthungi who had entered the empire earlier, in 376 under <a href="/wiki/Alatheus_and_Saphrax" title="Alatheus and Saphrax">Alatheus and Saphrax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather1988156_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather1988156-18">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002214_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002214-19">&#91;15&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Starting with the 6th century writer <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>, whose <i><a href="/wiki/Getica" title="Getica">Getica</a></i> is a history of the Ostrogothic Amal dynasty, there is a tradition of simply equating the <a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a> with the Ostrogothi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather199652–57,_300–301_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather199652–57,_300–301-20">&#91;16&#93;</a></sup> Jordanes does not mention the Greuthungi at all by that name, but he identified the Ostrogothic kings of Italy, the Amal dynasty, as the heirs and descendants of king <a href="/wiki/Ermanaric" title="Ermanaric">Ermanaric</a>. Ermanaric was described by Roman soldier and historian <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> as a king of the Greuthungi, however, the family succession described by the two classical authors is completely different, and Ammianus is considered to be the more reliable source.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">&#91;e&#93;</a></sup> Jordanes also specified that around 250 (the time of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip the Arab</a> who reigned 244–249) the Ostrogoths were ruled by a king called <a href="/wiki/Ostrogotha" title="Ostrogotha">Ostrogotha</a> and they either derived their name from this "father of the Ostrogoths", or else the Ostrogoths and Visigoths got these names because they meant eastern and western Goths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordanes191587–88_&#91;24.130–131&#93;_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanes191587–88_[24.130–131]-24">&#91;19&#93;</a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gothic_raids_in_the_3rd_century.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gothic_raids_in_the_3rd_century.svg/220px-Gothic_raids_in_the_3rd_century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gothic_raids_in_the_3rd_century.svg/330px-Gothic_raids_in_the_3rd_century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gothic_raids_in_the_3rd_century.svg/440px-Gothic_raids_in_the_3rd_century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2325" data-file-height="1727" /></a><figcaption>Gothic raids in the 3rd century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:305_CE,_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/305_CE%2C_Europe.svg/220px-305_CE%2C_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/305_CE%2C_Europe.svg/330px-305_CE%2C_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/305_CE%2C_Europe.svg/440px-305_CE%2C_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>Europe in 305 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern historians agree that Jordanes is unreliable, especially for events long before his time, but some historians such as Herwig Wolfram defend the equation of the Greuthungi and Ostrogoths. Wolfram follows the position of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Altheim" title="Franz Altheim">Franz Altheim</a> that the terms Tervingi and Greuthungi were older geographical identifiers used by outsiders to describe these Visigoths and Ostrogoths before they crossed the Danube, and that this terminology dropped out of use around 400, when many Goths had moved into the Roman empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988387,_fn58_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988387,_fn58-25">&#91;20&#93;</a></sup> According to Wolfram, the terms "Vesi" and "Ostrogothi" were used by the peoples themselves to boastfully describe themselves, and thus remained in use. In support of this, Wolfram argues that it is significant that Roman writers either used terminology contrasting Tervingi and Greuthungi, or Vesi/Visigoths and Ostrogoths, and never mixed these pairs—for example they never contrasted Tervingi and Ostrogoths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198824–25_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram198824–25-26">&#91;21&#93;</a></sup> As described above, there are two examples of Roman texts which mix Wolfram's proposed geographical and boastful terminologies as if these were separate peoples, and these are the only two early mentions of Ostrogoths before the Amals. For Wolfram, these lists are mistaken to see these peoples as separate, but he notes that neither contrasts what he considers to be the geographical and boastful terms. First, Ostrogoths and Greuthungi were mentioned together by the poet Claudian, and all four names were used together in the unreliable <i><a href="/wiki/Augustan_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustan History">Augustan History</a></i> for the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a>, which contains the terms "<i>Gruthungi, Ostrogothi, Tervingi, Vesi</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198824–25_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram198824–25-26">&#91;21&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002202–203_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002202–203-27">&#91;22&#93;</a></sup> As a second argument for this geographical versus boastful contrast, Wolfram cites <a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a> as referring to the group of "Scythians" north of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> after 376, who were called "Greuthungi" by the barbarians, arguing that these "can only" be Thervingi, and that this shows how the name "Greuthungi" was only used by outsiders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988387,_fn57_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988387,_fn57-28">&#91;23&#93;</a></sup> Nonetheless, the Greuthungi alluded to by Zosimus could be those Heather and other historians equate with the rebellious Greuthungi—mentioned later by Claudian in Phrygia in 399–400—who were, according to Claudian, mixed with Ostrogoths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather1988156_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather1988156-18">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002214_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002214-19">&#91;15&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>In any case, the older terminology of a divided Gothic people disappeared gradually after they entered the Roman Empire. The term "Visigoth" was an invention of the sixth century. <a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a>, a Roman in the service of Theodoric the Great, invented the term <i>Visigothi</i> to match <i>Ostrogothi</i>, differentiating between "western Goths" and "eastern Goths" respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198825_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram198825-29">&#91;24&#93;</a></sup> The western-eastern division was a simplification and a literary device of sixth-century historians, where political realities were more complex.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198826_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram198826-30">&#91;25&#93;</a></sup> Furthermore, Cassiodorus used the term "Goths" to refer only to the Ostrogoths, whom he served, and reserved the geographical term "Visigoths" for the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Gallo-Hispanic Goths</a>. This usage, however, was adopted by the Visigoths themselves in their communications with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and was in use in the seventh century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198826_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram198826-30">&#91;25&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Other names for the Goths abounded. A "Germanic" Byzantine or Italian author referred to one of the two peoples as the <i>Valagothi</i>, meaning "Roman [<i><a href="/wiki/Walha" class="mw-redirect" title="Walha">walha</a></i>] Goths".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198826_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram198826-30">&#91;25&#93;</a></sup> In 484 the Ostrogoths had been called the <i>Valameriaci</i> (men of Valamir) because they followed Theodoric, a descendant of Valamir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198826_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram198826-30">&#91;25&#93;</a></sup> This terminology survived in the Byzantine East as late as the reign of <a href="/wiki/Athalaric" title="Athalaric">Athalaric</a>, who was called <i>του Ουαλεμεριακου</i> (<i>tou Oualemeriakou</i>) by <a href="/wiki/John_Malalas" title="John Malalas">John Malalas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988389,_fn67_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988389,_fn67-31">&#91;26&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hunnic_invasions_and_the_Amals">Hunnic invasions and the Amals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrogoths&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Hunnic invasions and the Amals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">History of the Huns</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png/260px-Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png/390px-Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png/520px-Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="1382" /></a><figcaption>Routes taken by Germanic invaders during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 4th century, the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> forced many of the Goths and Alans to join them, while others moved westwards and eventually moved into Roman territory in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. Ostrogoths and Greuthungi, perhaps the same people, are believed to have been among the first Goths who were subdued by the Huns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury200055_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury200055-32">&#91;27&#93;</a></sup> Many Greuthungi entered the Roman Empire in 376 with <a href="/wiki/Saphrax_and_Alatheus" class="mw-redirect" title="Saphrax and Alatheus">Saphrax and Alatheus</a>, and many of these Goths probably subsequently joined Alaric, contributing to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigothic kingdom">Visigothic kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather1999_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather1999-33">&#91;28&#93;</a></sup> As discussed above a group of Ostrogoths and Greuthungi were apparently also settled in Phrygia in the 380s by the Romans. Otherwise, historical records only begin to mention the name of the Ostrogoths as the Gothic political entity that formed in the Balkans during the 5th century. </p><p>The Amal-led Ostrogothic kingdom began to coalesce around the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Amal_dynasty" title="Amal dynasty">Amal dynasty</a> who had fought under <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a>, and later settled in <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>. The second major component of the Amal kingdom's population were the <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a>. This occurred around 483/484.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather200773_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather200773-34">&#91;29&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather200390_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather200390-35">&#91;30&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="5th-century_Pannonian_Ostrogoths">5th-century Pannonian Ostrogoths</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrogoths&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: 5th-century Pannonian Ostrogoths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png/260px-Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png/390px-Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png/520px-Europe_and_the_Near_East_at_476_AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="1967" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a> and tribes after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a> in 476</figcaption></figure> <p>The Pannonian Ostrogoths had fought alongside both Alans and Huns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd1999177_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd1999177-36">&#91;31&#93;</a></sup> Like several other tribal peoples, they became one of the many Hunnic vassals fighting in Europe, as in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chalons" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chalons">Battle of Chalons</a> in 451, where the Huns were defeated by the Roman general Aetius, accompanied by a contingent of Alans, and Visigoths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201375,_77_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201375,_77-37">&#91;32&#93;</a></sup> Jordanes' account of this battle certainly cannot be trusted as he wrongly attributes a good portion of the victory to the Goths, when it was the Alans who formed the "backbone of Roman defences."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201377_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201377-38">&#91;33&#93;</a></sup> More generally, Jordanes, depicts the Amals as an ancient royal family in his <i>Getica</i>, making them traditionally preeminent among the Goths in Ukraine, both before and during the empire of Attila. <a href="/wiki/Valamir" title="Valamir">Valamir</a>, the uncle of Theodoric the Great, is even depicted as Attila's most highly valued leader along with <a href="/wiki/Ardaric" title="Ardaric">Ardaric</a> of the Gepids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordanes1915107_&#91;38.199–200&#93;_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanes1915107_[38.199–200]-39">&#91;34&#93;</a></sup> Modern historians such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Heather" title="Peter Heather">Peter Heather</a> believe this is an exaggeration, and point out that there were at least three factions of Goths in Attila's forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2009222_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2009222-40">&#91;35&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather200746–47,_72–73_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather200746–47,_72–73-41">&#91;36&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The recorded history of the Ostrogoths as a political entity thus begins with their independence from the remains of the Hunnic Empire following the death of <a href="/wiki/Attila_the_Hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Attila the Hun">Attila the Hun</a> in 453. Under Valimir they were among the peoples who were living in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Danube" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Danube">Middle Danube</a> region by this time, and whose freedom from domination by Attila's sons was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nedao" title="Battle of Nedao">Battle of Nedao</a> in 454, which was led by the <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a>. It is unclear what role the Goths played in this battle, if any, and after the battle many Goths entered Roman military service, while only some began to coalesce under the leadership of Valamir and his two brothers, Vidimir and <a href="/wiki/Theodemir_(Ostrogothic_king)" title="Theodemir (Ostrogothic king)">Theodemir</a>, the father of <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns198452–53_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns198452–53-42">&#91;37&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>These Amal-led Goths apparently first settled in the Pannonian area of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Balaton" title="Lake Balaton">Lake Balaton</a> and Sirmium (<a href="/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica" title="Sremska Mitrovica">Sremska Mitrovica</a>), on the Roman Danube frontier. The land they acquired between Vindobona (Vienna) and Sirmium (<a href="/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica" title="Sremska Mitrovica">Sremska Mitrovica</a>) was not well-managed, a fact which rendered the Ostrogoths dependent upon Constantinople for subsidies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd1999178_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd1999178-43">&#91;38&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988260–261_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988260–261-44">&#91;39&#93;</a></sup> They came into conflict with other <a href="/wiki/Middle_Danube" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Danube">Middle Danubian</a> peoples including the Danubian <a href="/wiki/Suebian" class="mw-redirect" title="Suebian">Suebian</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Hunimund" title="Hunimund">Hunimund</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a>, who had arrived as part of the Hunnic empire, and this led to the death of Valimir, and eventual Gothic victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bolia" title="Battle of Bolia">Battle of Bolia</a> in 469, now under Theodemir. Theodemir, father of Theoderic, brought these Goths into East Roman territory in 473/474.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather200386_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather200386-45">&#91;40&#93;</a></sup> The younger uncle of Theoderic, Vidimir, with his like-named son and some of the Pannonian Goths, headed to Italy and his son was eventually settled in Gaul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988188,_268_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988188,_268-46">&#91;41&#93;</a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermitage_hall_033_-_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hermitage_hall_033_-_04.jpg/220px-Hermitage_hall_033_-_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hermitage_hall_033_-_04.jpg/330px-Hermitage_hall_033_-_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hermitage_hall_033_-_04.jpg/440px-Hermitage_hall_033_-_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="2045" /></a><figcaption>The Concesti helmet was found among the burial goods of a probable Ostrogothic Prince. <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson2018378_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2018378-47">&#91;42&#93;</a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Theodemir and Theoderic moved their Goths around the Balkans, while in the meantime, the Thracian Goths were the main focus of Gothic power. For some time they held a part of Macedonia, controlling part of the <a href="/wiki/Via_Egnatia" title="Via Egnatia">Via Egnatia</a> between the major Roman cities of <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thessalonika" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonika">Thessalonika</a>. Theodemir died in <a href="/wiki/Cyrrhus_(Macedonia)" title="Cyrrhus (Macedonia)">Cyrrhus</a> in 474, having made sure that Theoderic (the future "Great") was designated as successor. In the same year, the other Theoderic ("Strabo"), fell out of favour with the new emperor Zeno.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988269–270_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988269–270-48">&#91;43&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="5th-century_Thracian_Goths">5th-century Thracian Goths</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrogoths&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: 5th-century Thracian Goths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>The 5th century Thracian Goths, according to Peter Heather, had probably become unified only in about the 460s, although they probably lived in the area since the 420s when a group of Goths under Hunnic influence already in Pannonia were detached and settled there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather200388,_91_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather200388,_91-49">&#91;44&#93;</a></sup> Wolfram has proposed that Theoderic Strabo was an Amal, whose father had split with Theoderic's branch only as recently as the time of the Battle of Nadao.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198832,_260_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram198832,_260-50">&#91;45&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>They formed a military force which was loyal to <a href="/wiki/Aspar" title="Aspar">Aspar</a>, the East Roman <i>magister militum</i> ("master of soldiers") of Alanic-Gothic descent, who was killed in 471. Aspar's death saw a change in the East Roman approach to Gothic military forces which he had been allied to. Theoderic Strabo led a revolt in 473 and was declared king of the Goths. As Wolfram noted, "His elevation as king in Thrace in 473 parallels the elevation of <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a> in 476. [...] A Roman federate army sought to force through its demands by making its general king".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988268_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988268-51">&#91;46&#93;</a></sup> He demanded to be recognized as the "sole Gothic king to whom all deserters had to be returned [...] and he further demanded the settling of his people in Thrace as well as the surrender of the institutional and material inheritance of Aspar. It took more bloodshed and devastation before the emperor formally agreed to the demands and promised in addition to pay two thousand pounds of gold each year." In return his Goths were ready to fight for Rome, except for a campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Vandal_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandal kingdom">Vandal kingdom</a> in North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988269_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988269-52">&#91;47&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>With the death of <a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(Emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo II (Emperor)">Emperor Leo II</a>, and the succession of Aspar's old rival <a href="/wiki/Zeno_(Emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeno (Emperor)">Emperor Zeno</a> in 474, the situation for the old Gothic party became increasingly difficult in the eastern empire, and Theoderic Strabo lost the support of the emperor. The younger Theoderic, son of Theodemir, was able to benefit from this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988270_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988270-53">&#91;48&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Theodoric_the_Great_and_the_Thracians">Theodoric the Great and the Thracians</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrogoths&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Theodoric the Great and the Thracians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>About 476, Zeno, having removed support from Theoderic Strabo, started to give important honours to Theoderic, the son of Theodemir. He was adopted as a "son in arms", named as a friend of the emperor, and given the status of <i>patricius</i> and commander-in-chief. His kingdom, now based on the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Danube" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Danube">Lower Danube</a> in Moesia, was recognized as a federate kingdom and granted (at least in theory) an annual subsidy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988270_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988270-53">&#91;48&#93;</a></sup> However, when Zeno forced the two Gothic groups into a confrontation in 478, Theoderic Strabo petitioned the Amal-led Goths, making a case for Gothic unity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988271–272_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988271–272-54">&#91;49&#93;</a></sup> Strabo also appealed to Zeno, but Zeno made new offers to Theoderic the Amal instead, but these were rejected. Warfare between the Goths and imperial forces ensued, and the Amal-led Goths once again became mobile, leaving Moesia. Zeno proposed a new federate kingdom for them in Dacia, north of the Danube, but instead the Goths attempted to take Durrës; however, Roman forces quickly repulsed them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988271–274_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988271–274-55">&#91;50&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Between 479 and 481, it was the Thracian Goths under Theoderic Strabo who kept the Romans occupied, but in 481 Strabo died, when he fell from his horse and was impaled on a lance. His son Recitac was unable to retain Gothic support and was killed in 484 under orders from Theoderic the Amal, who united the two Gothic groups. Zeno was forced to conclude a treaty and Theoderic the Amal was named consul in 484. Hostilities between Theoderic the Amal's Goths and the Eastern Roman Empire began again by 487.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988276–278_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988276–278-56">&#91;51&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Kingdom_in_Italy">Kingdom in Italy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrogoths&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Kingdom in Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Italy" title="Category:History of Italy">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: none;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History of <span class="fn org label">Italy</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old map of Italian peninsula"><img alt="Old map of Italian peninsula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/150px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/225px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/300px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4584" data-file-height="6272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee">Early</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistoric Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a> (18th&#8211;3rd c. BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a> (12th&#8211;6th c. BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> (8th&#8211;3rd c. BC)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> (753 BC&#8211;509 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a> (509 BC&#8211;27 BC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman expansion in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Populares" class="mw-redirect" title="Populares">Populares</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Optimates" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimates">Optimates</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> (27 BC&#8211;286 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> (286 AD&#8211;476 AD) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">Praetorian prefecture of Italy</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee">Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer's</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 476&#8211;493</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 493&#8211;553</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 435&#8211;534</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard (independence)</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 565&#8211;774</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)#Lombard_kingdom" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Lombard (under the Frankish rule)</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 774&#8211;885</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)#Constituent_of_the_Carolingian_Empire" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Frankish</a> (as part of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 885&#8211;961</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)#Imperial_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Germanic</a> (as part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 961&#8211;1801</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Italy in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantine reconquest of Italy</a> (6th&#8211;8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a> in southern Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee">Early modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> (14th&#8211;16th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a> (1494&#8211;1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic revival</a> (1545&#8211;1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Mid-16th c. to early 19th c.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a> Italy (1801&#8211;1814)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Risorgimento</a></i> (1815&#8211;1871)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Italy" title="Young Italy">Young Italy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy</a> (1861&#8211;1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a> (1882&#8211;1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy in World War I</a> (1914&#8211;1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascism</a> (1922&#8211;1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy in World War II</a> (1940&#8211;1945)</li> <li>Fascist <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Partisans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a> (1943&#8211;1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> (1946&#8211;<i>present</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a> (1970s&#8211;1980s) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a> (1986&#8211;1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></i> (1992&#8211;2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> (2007&#8211;2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a> (2014&#8211;2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">COVID-19 pandemic</a> (2020&#8211;<i>present</i>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of 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alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy&#32;portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Italy" title="Template:History of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Italy" title="Template talk:History of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostrogothic_Kingdom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ostrogothic_Kingdom.png/260px-Ostrogothic_Kingdom.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ostrogothic_Kingdom.png/390px-Ostrogothic_Kingdom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ostrogothic_Kingdom.png/520px-Ostrogothic_Kingdom.png 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>The greatest of all Ostrogothic rulers, the future <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a> (whose Gothic name meant "leader of the people") of the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a> (<i>Regnum Italiae</i>, "Kingdom of Italy")<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">&#91;f&#93;</a></sup> was born to Theodemir in or about 454, soon after the Battle of Nedao. His childhood was spent at <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> as a diplomatic <a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">hostage</a>, where he was carefully educated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBackman200868_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackman200868-58">&#91;52&#93;</a></sup> The early part of his life was taken up with various disputes, intrigues and wars within the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine empire">Byzantine empire</a>, in which he had as his rival <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_Strabo" title="Theodoric Strabo">Theodoric Strabo</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a>, a distant relative of Theodoric the Great and son of <a href="/wiki/Triarius" title="Triarius">Triarius</a>. This older but lesser Theodoric seems to have been the chief, not the king, of that branch of the Ostrogoths that had settled within the Empire earlier. Theodoric the Great, as he is sometimes distinguished, was sometimes the friend, sometimes the enemy, of the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006575_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006575-59">&#91;53&#93;</a></sup> In the former case he was clothed with various Roman titles and offices, as <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">consul</a>; but in all cases alike he remained the national Ostrogothic king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Puy18992865_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Puy18992865-60">&#91;54&#93;</a></sup> Theodoric is also known for his attainment of support from the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and on one occasion, he even helped resolve a disputed papal election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003338_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003338-61">&#91;55&#93;</a></sup> During his reign, Theodoric, who was an <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a>, allowed freedom of religion, which had not been done before. However, he did try to appease the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> and tried to keep his alliance with the church strong. He saw the Pope as an authority not only in the church but also over Rome itself. His ability to work well with Italy's nobles, members of the Roman Senate, and the Catholic Church all helped facilitate his acceptance as the ruler of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003338–339_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003338–339-62">&#91;56&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Theodoric sought to revive Roman culture and government and in doing so, profited the Italian people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECantor1994109_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECantor1994109-63">&#91;57&#93;</a></sup> It was in both characters together that he set out in 488, by commission from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a>, to recover <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> from <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a>. In 489, the <a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a>, a Germanic tribe who dwelt in the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Plain">Hungarian Plain</a>, joined the Ostrogoths in their invasion of Italy under their leader <a href="/wiki/Frideric" title="Frideric">Frideric</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006665_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006665-64">&#91;58&#93;</a></sup> By 493 <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> was taken, where Theodoric would set up his capital. It was also at this time that Odoacer was killed by Theodoric's own hand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006575–576_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006575–576-65">&#91;59&#93;</a></sup> Ostrogothic power was fully established over Italy, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a> and the lands to the north of Italy. Around 500, Theodoric celebrated his thirtieth anniversary as King of the Ostrogoths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury2000178_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury2000178-66">&#91;60&#93;</a></sup> In order to improve their chances against the Roman Empire the Ostrogoths and <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> began again to unite in what became a loose confederation of Germanic peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006576_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006576-67">&#91;61&#93;</a></sup> The two branches of the nation were soon brought closer together; after he was forced to become regent of the Visigothic kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, the power of Theodoric was practically extended over a large part of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and over nearly the whole of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberian peninsula</a>. Theodoric forged alliances with the Visigoths, Alamanni, Franks and Burgundians, some of which were accomplished through diplomatic marriages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006576_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006576-67">&#91;61&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The Ostrogothic dominion was once again as far-reaching and splendid as it was in the time of <a href="/wiki/Ermanaric" title="Ermanaric">Hermanaric</a>; however, it was now of a wholly different character. The dominion of Theodoric was not a <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarian</a> but a <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilized</a> power. His twofold position ran through everything. He was at once king of the Goths and successor, though without any imperial titles, of the Western <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperors</a>. The two nations, differing in manners, language and religion, lived side by side on the soil of Italy; each was ruled according to its own law, by the prince who was, in his two separate characters, the common sovereign of both.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Puy18992865_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Puy18992865-60">&#91;54&#93;</a></sup> Due to his ability to foster and leverage relations among the various Germanic kingdoms, the Byzantines began to fear Theodoric's power, which led to an alliance between the Byzantine emperor and the Frankish king, <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a>, a pact designed to counteract and ultimately overthrow the Ostrogoths. In some ways Theodoric may have been overly accommodating to both the Romans and other Gothic people as he placated Catholics and Arian Christians alike. Historian Herwig Wolfram suggests that Theodoric's efforts in trying to appease Latin and barbarian cultures in kind brought about the collapse of Ostrogothic predominance and also resulted in the "end of Italy as the heartland of late antiquity."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988332_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988332-68">&#91;62&#93;</a></sup> All the years of creating a protective perimeter around Italy were broken down by the Franco-Byzantine coalition. Theodoric was able to temporarily salvage some of his realm with the assistance of the Thuringians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997218–221_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997218–221-69">&#91;63&#93;</a></sup> Realizing that the Franks were the most significant threat to the Visigothic empire as well, Alaric II, (who was the son-in-law of Theodoric) enlisted the aid of the Burgundians and fought against the Franks at the urging of the magnates of his tribe, but this choice proved an error and he allegedly met his end at the hand of the Frankish king, Clovis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997155_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997155-70">&#91;64&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>A time of confusion followed the death of <a href="/wiki/Alaric_II" title="Alaric II">Alaric II</a> who was slain during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vouill%C3%A9" title="Battle of Vouillé">Battle of Vouillé</a>. The Ostrogothic king Theodoric stepped in as the guardian of his grandson <a href="/wiki/Amalaric" title="Amalaric">Amalaric</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarned1895134_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarned1895134-71">&#91;65&#93;</a></sup> and preserved for him all his Iberian and a fragment of his Gallic dominion. Toulouse passed to the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> but the Goths kept <a href="/wiki/Narbonne" title="Narbonne">Narbonne</a> and its district and <a href="/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania">Septimania</a>, which was the last part of Gaul held by the Goths, keeping the name of Gothia for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988230_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988230-72">&#91;66&#93;</a></sup> Theodoric claimed a kind of protectorate over a large part of Italy and his Goths were embraced by the Roman population as Rome's defenders and part of its victorious army, while Theodoric much fanfare was made of his alleged "royal ancestry" which favorably cast his clan "on par with an imperial dynasty."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2014118–119_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2014118–119-73">&#91;67&#93;</a></sup> Romans were in some ways "reinvogorated" by these new Gothic warriors as "guardians of <i>Romanitas</i>" who, along with their Italo-Roman neighbors created a new "Gothic aegis" for the western empire, while those outside of Theodoric's order were made into veritable "barbarians".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2014133_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2014133-74">&#91;68&#93;</a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musei_civici6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Musei_civici6.jpg/220px-Musei_civici6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Musei_civici6.jpg/330px-Musei_civici6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Musei_civici6.jpg/440px-Musei_civici6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="978" /></a><figcaption>Ostrogothic belt buckle, <a href="/wiki/Pavia_Civic_Museums" title="Pavia Civic Museums">Pavia Civic Museums</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From 508 to 511 under Theodoric's command, the Ostrogoths marched on Gaul as the Vandal king of Carthage and Clovis made concerted efforts to weaken his hold on the Visigoths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997220_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997220-75">&#91;69&#93;</a></sup> On the death of Theodoric in 526, the eastern and western Goths were once again divided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Puy18992865_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Puy18992865-60">&#91;54&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997225_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997225-76">&#91;70&#93;</a></sup> By the late 6th century, the Ostrogoths lost their political identity and assimilated into other Germanic tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006576_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006576-67">&#91;61&#93;</a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodoric%27s_Palace_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Theodoric%27s_Palace_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016_%28crop%29.jpg/290px-Theodoric%27s_Palace_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Theodoric%27s_Palace_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016_%28crop%29.jpg/435px-Theodoric%27s_Palace_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Theodoric%27s_Palace_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016_%28crop%29.jpg/580px-Theodoric%27s_Palace_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4068" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic depicting the palace of Theodoric the Great in his palace chapel of <a href="/wiki/San_Apollinare_Nuovo" class="mw-redirect" title="San Apollinare Nuovo">San Apollinare Nuovo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The picture of Theodoric's rule is drawn for us in the state papers drawn up, in his name and in the names of his successors, by his Roman minister <a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a>. The Goths seem to have been thick on the ground in northern Italy; in the south they formed little more than garrisons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Puy18992,865_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Puy18992,865-77">&#91;71&#93;</a></sup> Meanwhile, the Frankish king Clovis fought protracted wars against various enemies while consolidating his rule, forming the embryonic stages of what would eventually become Medieval Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1999116–137_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1999116–137-78">&#91;72&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="War_with_Byzantium_.28535.E2.80.93554.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="War_with_Byzantium_(535–554)">War with Byzantium (535–554)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrogoths&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: War with Byzantium (535–554)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">Gothic War (535–554)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodahad_534_536_Ostrogoth_minted_in_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Theodahad_534_536_Ostrogoth_minted_in_Rome.jpg/170px-Theodahad_534_536_Ostrogoth_minted_in_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Theodahad_534_536_Ostrogoth_minted_in_Rome.jpg/255px-Theodahad_534_536_Ostrogoth_minted_in_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Theodahad_534_536_Ostrogoth_minted_in_Rome.jpg/340px-Theodahad_534_536_Ostrogoth_minted_in_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Theodahad" title="Theodahad">Theodahad</a> (534-536), minted in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> – he wears the barbaric <a href="/wiki/Moustache" title="Moustache">moustache</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Absent the unifying presence of Theodoric, the Ostrogoths and Visigoths were unable to consolidate their realms despite their common Germanic kinship. The few instances where they acted together after this time are as scattered and incidental as they were before. Amalaric succeeded to the Visigothic kingdom in Iberia and Septimania. Theodoric's grandson <a href="/wiki/Athalaric" title="Athalaric">Athalaric</a> took on the mantle as king of the Ostrogoths for the next five years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988334_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988334-79">&#91;73&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> was added to the dominion of the new Ostrogothic king Athalaric and through his daughter <a href="/wiki/Amalasuntha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalasuntha">Amalasuntha</a> who was named regent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006576_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006576-67">&#91;61&#93;</a></sup> Both were unable to settle disputes among Gothic elites. <a href="/wiki/Theodahad" title="Theodahad">Theodahad</a>, cousin of Amalasuntha and nephew of Theodoric through his sister, took over and slew them;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988332–333,_337–340_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988332–333,_337–340-80">&#91;74&#93;</a></sup> however, the usurping ushered in more bloodshed. Atop this infighting, the Ostrogoths faced the doctrinal challenges incurred from their Arian Christianity, which both the aristocracy of Byzantium and the papacy strongly opposed—so much that it brought them together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace-Hadrill200436_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace-Hadrill200436-81">&#91;75&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The weakness of the Ostrogothic position in Italy now showed itself, particularly when Eastern Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> enacted a law excluding pagans—among them Arian Christians and Jews—from public employment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace-Hadrill200436_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace-Hadrill200436-81">&#91;75&#93;</a></sup> The Ostrogothic King Theodoric reacted by persecuting Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace-Hadrill200436_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace-Hadrill200436-81">&#91;75&#93;</a></sup> Nonetheless, Justinian always strove to restore as much of the Western Roman Empire as he could and certainly would not pass up the opportunity. Launched on both land and sea, Justinian began his war of reconquest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988339_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988339-82">&#91;76&#93;</a></sup> In 535, he commissioned <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> to attack the Ostrogoths following the success he had in North Africa against the Vandals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007500–501_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007500–501-83">&#91;77&#93;</a></sup> It was Justinian's intention to recover Italy and Rome from the Goths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007501_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007501-84">&#91;78&#93;</a></sup> Belisarius quickly captured Sicily and then crossed into Italy, where he captured Naples and Rome in December of 536. Sometime during the spring of 537, the Goths marched on Rome with upwards of 100,000 men under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Witiges" class="mw-redirect" title="Witiges">Witiges</a> and laid siege to the city, albeit unsuccessfully. Despite outnumbering the Romans by a five-to-one margin, the Goths could not loose Belisarius from the former western capital of the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOman190289–90_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOman190289–90-85">&#91;79&#93;</a></sup> After recuperating from siege warfare, Belisarius marched north, taking Mediolanum (<a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>) and the Ostrogoth capital of Ravenna in 540.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007502–503_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007502–503-86">&#91;80&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>With the attack on Ravenna, Witiges and his men were trapped in the Ostrogothic capital. Belisarius proved more capable at <a href="/wiki/Siege_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege warfare">siege warfare</a> than his rival Witiges had been at Rome and the Ostrogoth ruler, who was also dealing with Frankish enemies, was forced to surrender, but not without terms. Belisarius refused to grant any concessions save unconditional surrender in view of the fact that Justinian wanted to make Witiges a vassal king in Trans-Padane Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOman190291_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOman190291-87">&#91;81&#93;</a></sup> This condition made for something of an impasse. A faction of the Gothic nobility pointed out that their own king <a href="/wiki/Witiges" class="mw-redirect" title="Witiges">Witiges</a>, who had just lost, was something of a weakling and they would need a new one. <a href="/wiki/Eraric" title="Eraric">Eraric</a>, the leader of the group, endorsed Belisarius and the rest of the kingdom agreed, so they offered him their crown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007503_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007503-88">&#91;82&#93;</a></sup> Belisarius was a soldier, not a statesman, and still loyal to Justinian. He made as if to accept the offer, rode to Ravenna to be crowned, and promptly arrested the leaders of the Goths and reclaimed their entire kingdom—no halfway settlements—for the Empire. Fearful that Belisarius might set himself up a permanent kingship should he consolidate his conquests, Justinian recalled him to Constantinople with Witiges in tow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer2010208_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer2010208-89">&#91;83&#93;</a></sup> With the fall of Ravenna, the capital of the kingdom was brought to <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, which became the last center of Ostrogothic resistance against Eastern Roman rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson198295–96_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson198295–96-90">&#91;84&#93;</a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Totila_fa_dstruggere_la_citt%C3%A0_di_Firenze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Totila_fa_dstruggere_la_citt%C3%A0_di_Firenze.jpg/220px-Totila_fa_dstruggere_la_citt%C3%A0_di_Firenze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Totila_fa_dstruggere_la_citt%C3%A0_di_Firenze.jpg/330px-Totila_fa_dstruggere_la_citt%C3%A0_di_Firenze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Totila_fa_dstruggere_la_citt%C3%A0_di_Firenze.jpg/440px-Totila_fa_dstruggere_la_citt%C3%A0_di_Firenze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="962" /></a><figcaption>Totila razes the walls of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>: illumination from the Chigi manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Villani" title="Giovanni Villani">Villani's <i>Cronica</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>As soon as Belisarius was gone, the remaining Ostrogoths elected a new king named <a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila</a>. Under the brilliant command of Totila, the Goths were able to reassert themselves to a degree. For a period of nearly ten years, control for Italy became a seesaw battle between Byzantine and Ostrogothic forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer2010210_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer2010210-91">&#91;85&#93;</a></sup> Totila eventually recaptured all of northern Italy and even drove the Byzantines out of Rome, thereby affording him the opportunity to take political control of the city, partly by executing the Roman senatorial order. Many of them fled eastwards for Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007504_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007504-92">&#91;86&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>By 550 Justinian was able to put together an enormous force, an assembly designed to recover his losses and subdue any Gothic resistance. In 551, the Roman navy destroyed Totila's fleet and in 552 an overwhelming Byzantine force under <a href="/wiki/Narses" title="Narses">Narses</a> entered Italy from the north. Attempting to surprise the invading Byzantines, Totila gambled with his forces at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taginae" title="Battle of Taginae">Taginaei</a>, where he was slain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007504_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007504-92">&#91;86&#93;</a></sup> Broken but not yet defeated, the Ostrogoths made one final stand at Campania under a chief named Teia, but when he was also killed in battle at <a href="/wiki/Nuceria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuceria">Nuceria</a> they finally capitulated. On surrendering, they informed Narses that evidently "the hand of God was against them" and so they left Italy for the northern lands of their fathers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOman190295–96_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOman190295–96-93">&#91;87&#93;</a></sup> After that final defeat, the Ostrogothic name wholly died. The nation had practically evaporated with Theodoric's death. The leadership of western Europe therefore passed by default to the Franks. Consequently, Ostrogothic failure and Frankish success were crucial for the development of <a href="/wiki/Early_medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Early medieval Europe">early medieval Europe</a>, for Theodoric had made it "his intention to restore the vigor of Roman government and Roman culture".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECantor1994105–107_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECantor1994105–107-94">&#91;88&#93;</a></sup> The chance of forming a national state in Italy by the union of Roman and Germanic elements, such as those that arose in Gaul, in Iberia, and in parts of Italy under Lombard rule, was thus lost. The failures of the barbarian kingdoms to maintain control of the regions they conquered were partly the result of leadership vacuums like those which resulted from the death of Theodoric (also the lack of male succession) and Totila but additionally as a consequence of political fragmentation amid the Germanic tribes as their loyalties wavered between their kin and their erstwhile enemies. Frankish entry onto the geopolitical map of Europe also bears into play: had the Ostrogoths attained more military success against the Byzantines on the battlefield by combining the strength of other Germanic tribes, this could have changed the direction of Frankish loyalty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007505–512_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007505–512-95">&#91;89&#93;</a></sup> Military success or defeat and political legitimacy were interrelated in barbarian society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007512_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007512-96">&#91;90&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, according to Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Procopius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Procopius of Caesarea">Procopius of Caesarea</a>, the Ostrogothic population was allowed to live peacefully in Italy with their Rugian allies under Roman sovereignty. They later joined the Lombards during their conquest of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">&#91;g&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrogoths&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orecchini_ostrogoti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Orecchini_ostrogoti.jpg/220px-Orecchini_ostrogoti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Orecchini_ostrogoti.jpg/330px-Orecchini_ostrogoti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Orecchini_ostrogoti.jpg/440px-Orecchini_ostrogoti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1962" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Ostrogoth ear jewels, Metropolitan Museum of Art</figcaption></figure> <p>Surviving Gothic writings in the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic language</a> include the Bible of <a href="/wiki/Ulfilas" title="Ulfilas">Ulfilas</a> and other religious writings and fragments. In terms of Gothic legislation in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, one finds the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Theodoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Edict of Theodoric">edict of Theodoric</a> from around the year 500, and the <i>Variae</i> of Cassiodorus, which may also pass as a collection of the state papers of Theodoric and his immediate successors. Among the Visigoths, written laws had already been put forth by <a href="/wiki/Euric" title="Euric">Euric</a>. Alaric II put forth a Breviarium of <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> for his Roman subjects; but the great collection of Visigothic laws dates from the later days of the monarchy, being put forth by King <a href="/wiki/Reccaswinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Reccaswinth">Reccaswinth</a> about 654. This code gave occasion to some well-known comments by Montesquieu and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a>, and has been discussed by Savigny (<i>Geschichte des römischen Rechts</i>, ii. 65) and various other writers. They are printed in the <i>Monumenta Germaniae, leges</i>, tome i. (1902).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman1911275_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman1911275-98">&#91;91&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Amid Gothic histories that remain, besides that of the frequently quoted Jordanes, there is the Gothic history of <a href="/wiki/Isidore" title="Isidore">Isidore</a>, archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, a special source of the history of the Visigothic kings down to <a href="/wiki/Suinthila" class="mw-redirect" title="Suinthila">Suinthila</a> (621–631). But all the Latin and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> writers contemporary with the days of Gothic predominance also made their contributions. Not for special facts, but for a general estimate, no writer is more instructive than <a href="/wiki/Salvian_of_Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvian of Marseilles">Salvian of Marseilles</a> in the 5th century, whose work, <i>De Gubernatione Dei</i>, is full of passages contrasting the vices of the Romans with the virtues of the "barbarians", especially of the Goths. In all such pictures one must allow a good deal for exaggeration both ways, but there must be a groundwork of truth. The chief virtues that the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">presbyter</a> praises in the Arian Goths are their chastity, their piety according to their own creed, their tolerance towards the Catholics under their rule, and their general good treatment of their Roman subjects. He even ventures to hope that such good people may be saved, notwithstanding their <a href="/wiki/Christian_heresy" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian heresy">heresy</a>. This image must have had some basis in truth, but it is not very surprising that the later Visigoths of Iberia had fallen away from Salvian's somewhat idealistic picture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman1911275_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman1911275-98">&#91;91&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span id="6th-century_Scandinavian_Ostrogoths_.28Jordanes.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="6th-century_Scandinavian_Ostrogoths_(Jordanes)">6th-century Scandinavian Ostrogoths (Jordanes)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrogoths&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: 6th-century Scandinavian Ostrogoths (Jordanes)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scandza.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Scandza.PNG/220px-Scandza.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Scandza.PNG/330px-Scandza.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Scandza.PNG/440px-Scandza.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="1492" /></a><figcaption>Possible map of <a href="/wiki/Scandza" title="Scandza">Scandza</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>' work</figcaption></figure> <p>Jordanes named a people called the Ostrogoths (<i>Ostrogothae</i>) in a list of many peoples living on the large island of "Scandza", north of the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a>, which most modern scholars understand to refer to the Scandinavian peninsula. The implication was that these Ostrogoths were living there in the 6th century, during the lifetime of Jordanes or his source <a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a>—the same period when there was a powerful Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy. The list itself mentions a <a href="/wiki/Rodulf_(petty_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodulf (petty king)">Roduulf</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Ranii" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranii">Ranii</a> who lived in Scandza near the Dani (<a href="/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danes</a>). It says he had despised his own kingdom and came to Italy and then received the embrace of Theoderic the Great there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002267–268_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002267–268-99">&#91;92&#93;</a></sup> This Roduulf has thus been proposed as a possible source of information about Scandinavian peoples, because Cassiodorus was an important statesman at Theoderic's court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002270_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002270-100">&#91;93&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhosh201549_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh201549-101">&#91;94&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">&#91;h&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, scholars have come to no consensus about when the list was made, and by whom, nor how to interpret most of the names in the list. Arne Søby Christensen, in his detailed analysis lists three possibilities:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002250–299_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002250–299-103">&#91;95&#93;</a></sup> </p> <ul><li>that Jordanes believed some Ostrogoths had emigrated north, or...</li> <li>that a similar name "Eastern Goths" had been coined in Scandinavia, where there were a people with the related name, the <a href="/wiki/Gauts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauts">Gauts</a>, or...</li> <li>that a source of Jordanes, for example Cassiodorus, had created this form of the name, perhaps having heard of the Gauts.</li></ul> <p>It has been pointed out by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Goffart" title="Walter Goffart">Walter Goffart</a> that Jordanes (V.38) also digresses specially to criticize stories going around Constantinople, that the Goths had once been slaves in Britain or another northern island, and had been freed for the price of a nag. Goffart argues that Jordanes likely rejected the idea that the Goths should be simply sent north to their alleged land of origin. Goffart points out that Procopius—a contemporary of Jordanes—reports that <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> offered Britain to the Ostrogoths (<i>Gothic Wars</i>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Wars/Book_VI#VI">VI, 6</a>); Goffart also suggests this may be connected to the stories mentioned by Jordanes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhosh201552–53_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh201552–53-104">&#91;96&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002254,_270_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002254,_270-105">&#91;97&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Fundamental to the question of the Scandza list, which mentions the Ostrogothae, there has been much scholarly discussion about why Jordanes claimed that Scandinavia was a "womb of the nations",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordanes191557_&#91;4.25&#93;_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanes191557_[4.25]-106">&#91;98&#93;</a></sup> and the point of origin to not only the Goths but also many other northern barbarian peoples. Before Jordanes, there was already a Judaeo-Christian tradition equating the Goths and other "Scythian" peoples with the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a>, who readers of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> might otherwise associate with distant islands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002243–252_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002243–252-107">&#91;99&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ostrogothic_rulers">Ostrogothic rulers</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrogoths&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Ostrogothic rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Amal_dynasty"><a href="/wiki/Amal_dynasty" title="Amal dynasty">Amal dynasty</a></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrogoths&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Amal dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valamir" title="Valamir">Valamir</a> r. 447 &#8211; c. 465 succeeded by his brother...</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemir_(Ostrogothic_king)" title="Theodemir (Ostrogothic king)">Theodemir</a> r. c. 465 &#8211; 475 succeeded by his son...</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a> r. 475–526 succeeded by his grandson...</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athalaric" title="Athalaric">Athalaric</a> r. 526–534 succeeded by his mother...</li> <li>Queen <a href="/wiki/Amalasuntha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalasuntha">Amalasuntha</a>, r. 534–535 the daughter of Theodoric, succeeded by her first cousin...</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodahad" title="Theodahad">Theodahad</a> r. 535–536 the son of Theodoric's sister.</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Later_kings">Later kings</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrogoths&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Later kings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witiges" class="mw-redirect" title="Witiges">Witiges</a> r. 536–540</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ildibad" title="Ildibad">Ildibad</a> r. 540–541</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eraric" title="Eraric">Eraric</a> r. 541</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila</a> (also <i>Baduila</i>) r. 541–552</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teia" title="Teia">Theia</a> (also <i>Teia(s)</i>, <i>Teja</i>) r. 552–553</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrogoths&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Germanic tribes">List of Germanic tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oium" title="Oium">Oium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wielbark_culture" title="Wielbark culture">Wielbark culture</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrogoths&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrogoths&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A language related to <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> was still spoken sporadically in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> as late as the 16th and 17th centuries (<a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Gothic language">Crimean Gothic language</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalby1999229_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalby1999229-6">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup> Much of the disappearance of the Gothic language is attributable to the Goths' cultural and linguistic absorption by other European peoples during the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006572_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006572-7">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfram cites Moritz Schönfeld's (1911) work, <i>Wörterbuch der altgermanischen personen- und Völkernamen</i> as his principal naming source. See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wrterbuchderaltg00schn/page/39">p. 39</a>. According to linguist <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Bla%C5%BEek" title="Václav Blažek">Václav Blažek</a>, this ethnonym shows several written forms in mediaeval records: Austrogoti; Austorgoti; Obstrogoti; Ostrogothi; Ostrogotus; Histrogotus; (H)ostrogothae (or Hostrogothae, Hostrogothi, Hostrogothae, Hostrogothae, Hostrogothi, Ostrogothi, Hostrogothae, Ostrogothi and Ostrogothi - these from the same record, Jordanes's <i>Getica</i>), and Ostrogotthi. See: Blažek, Václav. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/126015">Visigothae versus Ostrogothae</a>". In: <i>Graeco-Latina Brunensia</i> vol. 17, iss. 2. 2012. pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2007">Heather (2007)</a> explains Heather's position in contrast to those of <a href="#CITEREFAmory1997">Amory (1997)</a>. Also see <a href="#CITEREFKulikowski2002">Kulikowski (2002)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claudian, <i>Against Eutropius</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/In_Eutropium/2*.html#141A">2.141</a>; Zosimus, <i>New History</i>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/New_History/Book_the_Fifth">Book 5</a>. For commentary see <a href="#CITEREFWolfram1988">Wolfram (1988</a>, pp.&#160;24, 387fn52), <a href="#CITEREFChristensen2002">Christensen (2002</a>, pp.&#160;216–217) and <a href="#CITEREFCameron1993">Cameron (1993)</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFCameron1993 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>. Note Wolfram describes this as a poem to 392, though as Christensen and Cameron et al. note, it was written after the death of Eutropius the consul (died 399). On the dating of Claudian's poem see <a href="#CITEREFLong1996">Long (1996</a>, ch.5).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christensen summarizes the field's position: "There has never been any doubt that of these two conflicting accounts, the one by Ammianus Marcellinus was to be preferred". Christensen especially cites Peter Heather.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather1989_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather1989-21">&#91;17&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002141–157_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002141–157-22">&#91;18&#93;</a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cassiodorus/varia2.shtml">http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cassiodorus/varia2.shtml</a> Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator, <i>Variae</i>, Lib. II., XLI. Luduin regi Francorum Theodericus rex</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>De Bello Gothico</i> IV 32, pp.&#160;241–245; this reference stems from the pen of the Byzantine historian, Procopius, who accompanied Justinian's leading general, Belisarius, on his exploits between 527 and 540. This included the campaigns against the Ostrogoths, which is the subject of <i>De Bello Gothico</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It has even been suggested that Roduulf is the same king of that name who is known from other sources to have been king of the Danube Heruli until he was defeated by the Lombards some time between 494 and 508. <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a> mention him, and Jordanes mentions a king of the Heruli in this period who was adopted as a son in arms by Theoderic, without naming him. Strikingly, Procopius mentions that some of the Heruli nobility migrated to Scandinavia after the defeat of Roduulf, and some of these later returned to the Balkan area (<i>Gothic Wars</i>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Wars/Book_VI#XIV">VI, 14–15</a>), while in his Scandza list, Jordanes mentions that Heruli had lived near the Dani, like the Ostrogothae he mentions, but had been forced to leave.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Citations">Citations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrogoths&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1217336898"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2009109–110-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2009109–110_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2009">Heather 2009</a>, pp.&#160;109–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2009116,_127–128-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2009116,_127–128_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2009">Heather 2009</a>, pp.&#160;116, 127–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2009115–117-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2009115–117_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2009">Heather 2009</a>, pp.&#160;115–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram198824-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198824_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198824_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198824_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1988">Wolfram 1988</a>, p.&#160;24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2009151–153-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2009151–153_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2009">Heather 2009</a>, pp.&#160;151–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalby1999229-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalby1999229_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalby1999">Dalby 1999</a>, p.&#160;229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006572-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006572_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaldmanMason2006">Waldman &amp; Mason 2006</a>, p.&#160;572.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram198825,_387_fn49,_388_fn58-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198825,_387_fn49,_388_fn58_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1988">Wolfram 1988</a>, pp.&#160;25, 387 fn49, 388 fn58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002206-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002206_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristensen2002">Christensen 2002</a>, p.&#160;206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2007404-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2007404_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2007">Heather 2007</a>, p.&#160;404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002201–205-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002201–205_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristensen2002">Christensen 2002</a>, pp.&#160;201–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram198824,_fn52-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198824,_fn52_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1988">Wolfram 1988</a>, p.&#160;24, fn52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Panegyrici_Latini" title="Panegyrici Latini">Panegyrici Latini</a></i> XI 17.1 (dated 291)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather1988156-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather1988156_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather1988156_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather1988">Heather 1988</a>, p.&#160;156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002214-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002214_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002214_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristensen2002">Christensen 2002</a>, p.&#160;214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather199652–57,_300–301-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather199652–57,_300–301_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather1996">Heather 1996</a>, pp.&#160;52–57, 300–301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather1989-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather1989_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather1989">Heather 1989</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002141–157-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002141–157_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristensen2002">Christensen 2002</a>, pp.&#160;141–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanes191587–88_&#91;24.130–131&#93;-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordanes191587–88_[24.130–131]_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordanes1915">Jordanes 1915</a>, pp.&#160;87–88 [24.130–131].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988387,_fn58-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988387,_fn58_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1988">Wolfram 1988</a>, p.&#160;387, fn58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram198824–25-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198824–25_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198824–25_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1988">Wolfram 1988</a>, pp.&#160;24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002202–203-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002202–203_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristensen2002">Christensen 2002</a>, pp.&#160;202–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988387,_fn57-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988387,_fn57_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1988">Wolfram 1988</a>, p.&#160;387, fn57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram198825-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198825_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1988">Wolfram 1988</a>, p.&#160;25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram198826-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198826_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198826_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198826_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198826_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1988">Wolfram 1988</a>, p.&#160;26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988389,_fn67-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988389,_fn67_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1988">Wolfram 1988</a>, p.&#160;389, fn67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury200055-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury200055_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury2000">Bury 2000</a>, p.&#160;55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather1999-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather1999_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather1999">Heather 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather200773-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather200773_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2007">Heather 2007</a>, p.&#160;73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather200390-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather200390_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2003">Heather 2003</a>, p.&#160;90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd1999177-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd1999177_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodd1999">Todd 1999</a>, p.&#160;177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201375,_77-37"><span 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href="#CITEREFWolfram1988">Wolfram 1988</a>, pp.&#160;269–270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather200388,_91-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather200388,_91_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2003">Heather 2003</a>, pp.&#160;88, 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram198832,_260-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198832,_260_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1988">Wolfram 1988</a>, pp.&#160;32, 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988268-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988268_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1988">Wolfram 1988</a>, p.&#160;268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988269-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988269_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace-Hadrill200436_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallace-Hadrill2004">Wallace-Hadrill 2004</a>, p.&#160;36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988339-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988339_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1988">Wolfram 1988</a>, p.&#160;339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007500–501-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007500–501_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsall2007">Halsall 2007</a>, pp.&#160;500–501.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007501-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007501_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsall2007">Halsall 2007</a>, p.&#160;501.</span> </li> <li 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class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsall2007">Halsall 2007</a>, p.&#160;504.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOman190295–96-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOman190295–96_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOman1902">Oman 1902</a>, pp.&#160;95–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECantor1994105–107-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECantor1994105–107_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCantor1994">Cantor 1994</a>, p.&#160;105–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007505–512-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007505–512_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsall2007">Halsall 2007</a>, pp.&#160;505–512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007512-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007512_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsall2007">Halsall 2007</a>, p.&#160;512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman1911275-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman1911275_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman1911275_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreeman1911">Freeman 1911</a>, p.&#160;275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002267–268-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002267–268_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristensen2002">Christensen 2002</a>, pp.&#160;267–268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002270-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002270_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristensen2002">Christensen 2002</a>, p.&#160;270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh201549-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhosh201549_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGhosh2015">Ghosh 2015</a>, p.&#160;49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002250–299-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002250–299_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristensen2002">Christensen 2002</a>, pp.&#160;250–299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh201552–53-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhosh201552–53_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGhosh2015">Ghosh 2015</a>, pp.&#160;52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002254,_270-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002254,_270_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristensen2002">Christensen 2002</a>, pp.&#160;254, 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanes191557_&#91;4.25&#93;-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordanes191557_[4.25]_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordanes1915">Jordanes 1915</a>, p.&#160;57 [4.25].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002243–252-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002243–252_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristensen2002">Christensen 2002</a>, pp.&#160;243–252.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrogoths&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAmory1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Amory" title="Patrick Amory">Amory, Patrick</a> (1997). <i>People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr%2F103.5.1569">10.1086/ahr/103.5.1569</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52635-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52635-3"><bdi>0-521-52635-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=People+and+Identity+in+Ostrogothic+Italy%2C+489%E2%80%93554&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fahr%2F103.5.1569&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-52635-3&amp;rft.aulast=Amory&amp;rft.aufirst=Patrick&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2014" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Jonathan J. (2014). <i>Theoderic and the Roman Imperial Administration</i>. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05440-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05440-0"><bdi>978-1-107-05440-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Theoderic+and+the+Roman+Imperial+Administration&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-107-05440-0&amp;rft.aulast=Arnold&amp;rft.aufirst=Jonathan+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBackman2008" class="citation book cs1">Backman, Clifford R (2008). <i>The Worlds of Medieval Europe</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533527-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533527-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533527-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Worlds+of+Medieval+Europe&amp;rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-533527-9&amp;rft.aulast=Backman&amp;rft.aufirst=Clifford+R&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBauer2010" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, Susan Wise (2010). <i>The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade</i>. New York: W.W. Norton &amp; Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-39305-975-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-39305-975-5"><bdi>978-0-39305-975-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Medieval+World%3A+From+the+Conversion+of+Constantine+to+the+First+Crusade&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-39305-975-5&amp;rft.aulast=Bauer&amp;rft.aufirst=Susan+Wise&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1984" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Thomas (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoftheostr00burn"><i>A History of the Ostrogoths</i></a>. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32831-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-32831-4"><bdi>0-253-32831-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Ostrogoths&amp;rft.place=Bloomington+and+Indianapolis&amp;rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.isbn=0-253-32831-4&amp;rft.aulast=Burns&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoftheostr00burn&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBury2000" class="citation book cs1">Bury, J. B. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/invasionofeurope00jbjo"><i>The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians</i></a>. New York: W.W. Norton &amp; Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-39300-388-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-39300-388-8"><bdi>978-0-39300-388-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Invasion+of+Europe+by+the+Barbarians&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-39300-388-8&amp;rft.aulast=Bury&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+B.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finvasionofeurope00jbjo&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCameronLongSherry1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cameron_(classical_scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Cameron (classical scholar)">Cameron, Alan</a>; Long, Jacqueline; Sherry, Lee (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T6t44B0-a98C"><i>Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520065506" title="Special:BookSources/0520065506"><bdi>0520065506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Barbarians+and+Politics+at+the+Court+of+Arcadius&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.isbn=0520065506&amp;rft.aulast=Cameron&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan&amp;rft.au=Long%2C+Jacqueline&amp;rft.au=Sherry%2C+Lee&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT6t44B0-a98C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCantor1994" class="citation book cs1">Cantor, Norman F. (1994). <i>The Civilization of the Middle Ages</i>. New York: Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-092553-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-092553-1"><bdi>0-06-092553-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Civilization+of+the+Middle+Ages&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=0-06-092553-1&amp;rft.aulast=Cantor&amp;rft.aufirst=Norman+F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChristensen2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arne_S%C3%B8by_Christensen" title="Arne Søby Christensen">Christensen, Arne Søby</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AcLDHOqOt4cC"><i>Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths: Studies in a Migration Myth</i></a>. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788772897103" title="Special:BookSources/9788772897103"><bdi>9788772897103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cassiodorus%2C+Jordanes+and+the+History+of+the+Goths%3A+Studies+in+a+Migration+Myth&amp;rft.place=Copenhagen&amp;rft.pub=Museum+Tusculanum+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=9788772897103&amp;rft.aulast=Christensen&amp;rft.aufirst=Arne+S%C3%B8by&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAcLDHOqOt4cC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1999" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Roger (1999). <i>Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-33365-808-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-33365-808-6"><bdi>978-0-33365-808-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Early+Medieval+Europe%2C+300%E2%80%931000&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-33365-808-6&amp;rft.aulast=Collins&amp;rft.aufirst=Roger&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDalby1999" class="citation book cs1">Dalby, Andrew (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflang00dalb"><i>Dictionary of Languages</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-23111-568-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-23111-568-1"><bdi>978-0-23111-568-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Languages&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-23111-568-1&amp;rft.aulast=Dalby&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryoflang00dalb&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Puy1899" class="citation book cs1">De Puy, William Harrison (1899). <i>The World-wide Encyclopedia and Gazetteer (vol 4)</i>. 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"The Anti-Scythian Tirade of Synesius' "De Regno"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Phoenix</i>. <b>42</b> (2): 156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1088231">10.2307/1088231</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1088231">1088231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Phoenix&amp;rft.atitle=The+Anti-Scythian+Tirade+of+Synesius%27+%22De+Regno%22&amp;rft.volume=42&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=156&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1088231&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1088231%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Heather&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHeather1989" class="citation journal cs1">Heather, Peter (1989). "Cassiodorus and the Rise of the Amals: Genealogy and the Goths under Hun Domination". <i>The Journal of Roman Studies</i>. <b>79</b>: 103–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F301183">10.2307/301183</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/301183">301183</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162977685">162977685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Roman+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=Cassiodorus+and+the+Rise+of+the+Amals%3A+Genealogy+and+the+Goths+under+Hun+Domination&amp;rft.volume=79&amp;rft.pages=103-128&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162977685%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F301183%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F301183&amp;rft.aulast=Heather&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHeather1996" class="citation book cs1">Heather, Peter (1996). <i>The Goths</i>. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-16536-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-16536-3"><bdi>0-631-16536-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Goths&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=0-631-16536-3&amp;rft.aulast=Heather&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHeather1999" class="citation cs2">Heather, Peter (1999), "The Creation of the Visigoths", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0QLwfButJokC"><i>The Visigoths from the Migration Period to the Seventh Century: An Ethnographic Perspective</i></a>, Boydell &amp; Brewer, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0851157627" title="Special:BookSources/978-0851157627"><bdi>978-0851157627</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Creation+of+the+Visigoths&amp;rft.btitle=The+Visigoths+from+the+Migration+Period+to+the+Seventh+Century%3A+An+Ethnographic+Perspective&amp;rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=978-0851157627&amp;rft.aulast=Heather&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0QLwfButJokC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHeather2003" class="citation cs2">Heather, Peter (2003), "<i>Gens</i> and <i>Regnum</i> among the Ostrogoths", in Goetz, Hans-Werner; Jarnut, Jörg; Pohl, Walter (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RovRlJkrncEC"><i>Regna and Gentes: The Relationship Between Late Antique and Early Medieval Peoples and Kingdoms in the Transformation of the Roman World</i></a>, BRILL, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004125248" title="Special:BookSources/9004125248"><bdi>9004125248</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Gens+and+Regnum+among+the+Ostrogoths&amp;rft.btitle=Regna+and+Gentes%3A+The+Relationship+Between+Late+Antique+and+Early+Medieval+Peoples+and+Kingdoms+in+the+Transformation+of+the+Roman+World&amp;rft.pub=BRILL&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=9004125248&amp;rft.aulast=Heather&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRovRlJkrncEC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHeather2007" class="citation cs2">Heather, Peter (2007), "Merely an Ideology? – Gothic identity in Ostrogothic Italy", in Barnish; Marazzi (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M0WnZ2vDfEkC"><i>Linguistic and Literary Traces of the Ostrogoths, The Ostrogoths from the Migration Period to the Sixth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective</i></a>, Studies in Historical Archaeoethnology, vol.&#160;7, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843830740" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843830740"><bdi>978-1843830740</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Merely+an+Ideology%3F+%E2%80%93+Gothic+identity+in+Ostrogothic+Italy&amp;rft.btitle=Linguistic+and+Literary+Traces+of+the+Ostrogoths%2C+The+Ostrogoths+from+the+Migration+Period+to+the+Sixth+Century%3A+An+Ethnographic+Perspective&amp;rft.series=Studies+in+Historical+Archaeoethnology&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-1843830740&amp;rft.aulast=Heather&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM0WnZ2vDfEkC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHeather2009" class="citation book cs1">Heather, Peter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ho8sAQAAIAAJ"><i>Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe</i></a>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989226-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989226-6"><bdi>978-0-19-989226-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Empires+and+Barbarians%3A+The+Fall+of+Rome+and+the+Birth+of+Europe&amp;rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-989226-6&amp;rft.aulast=Heather&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHo8sAQAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHeather2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Heather" title="Peter Heather">Heather, Peter</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-3493?">"Ostrogoths"</a>. 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N., ed. (1895). <i>History for Ready Reference</i>. Cambridge, MA: C.A. Nichols.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=History+for+Ready+Reference&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&amp;rft.pub=C.A.+Nichols&amp;rft.date=1895&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLong1996" class="citation cs2">Long, Jacqueline (1996), "5", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E-U6CwAAQBAJ"><i>Claudian's In Eutropium: Or, How, When, and Why to Slander a Eunuch</i></a>, Univ of North Carolina Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807863053" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807863053"><bdi>978-0807863053</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=5&amp;rft.btitle=Claudian%27s+In+Eutropium%3A+Or%2C+How%2C+When%2C+and+Why+to+Slander+a+Eunuch&amp;rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=978-0807863053&amp;rft.aulast=Long&amp;rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE-U6CwAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2018" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, Oliver (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A09WDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA378"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-256246-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-256246-3"><bdi>978-0-19-256246-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-256246-3&amp;rft.aulast=Nicholson&amp;rft.aufirst=Oliver&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA09WDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA378&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFOman1902" class="citation book cs1">Oman, Charles W.C (1902). <i>The Byzantine Empire</i>. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Empire&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%E2%80%99s+Sons&amp;rft.date=1902&amp;rft.aulast=Oman&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles+W.C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1982" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Edward Arthur (1982). <i>Romans and Barbarians: Decline of the Western Empire</i>. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-29908-700-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-29908-700-5"><bdi>978-0-29908-700-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Romans+and+Barbarians%3A+Decline+of+the+Western+Empire&amp;rft.place=Madison&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Wisconsin+Press&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-29908-700-5&amp;rft.aulast=Thompson&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward+Arthur&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTodd1999" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Malcolm (1999). <i>The Early Germans</i>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-16397-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-16397-2"><bdi>0-631-16397-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Early+Germans&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Blackwell&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=0-631-16397-2&amp;rft.aulast=Todd&amp;rft.aufirst=Malcolm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWaldmanMason2006" class="citation book cs1">Waldman, Carl; Mason, Allan R. (2006). <i>Encyclopedia of European Peoples</i>. New York: Facts on File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81604-964-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-81604-964-6"><bdi>978-0-81604-964-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+European+Peoples&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Facts+on+File&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-81604-964-6&amp;rft.aulast=Waldman&amp;rft.aufirst=Carl&amp;rft.au=Mason%2C+Allan+R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWallace-Hadrill2004" class="citation book cs1">Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. (2004). <i>The Barbarian West, 400–1000</i>. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-63120-292-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-63120-292-9"><bdi>978-0-63120-292-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Barbarian+West%2C+400%E2%80%931000&amp;rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-63120-292-9&amp;rft.aulast=Wallace-Hadrill&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWolfram1988" class="citation book cs1">Wolfram, Herwig (1988). <i>History of the Goths</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52006-983-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52006-983-1"><bdi>978-0-52006-983-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=History+of+the+Goths&amp;rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-52006-983-1&amp;rft.aulast=Wolfram&amp;rft.aufirst=Herwig&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWolfram1997" class="citation book cs1">Wolfram, Herwig (1997). <i>The Roman Empire and its Germanic Peoples</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-08511-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-08511-6"><bdi>0-520-08511-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+and+its+Germanic+Peoples&amp;rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=0-520-08511-6&amp;rft.aulast=Wolfram&amp;rft.aufirst=Herwig&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOstrogoths" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrogoths&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ostrogoths" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="View this template" style="background:#d5dcb0;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_peoples" title="Template talk:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background:#d5dcb0;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background:#d5dcb0;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> origin primarily identified as speakers of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">Early culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_early_Germanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Family in early Germanic culture">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li>Folklore (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon mythology">Anglo-Saxon mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_funerary_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic funerary practices">Funerary practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Germanic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diduni" title="Diduni">Diduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsacii" title="Marsacii">Marsacii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Marsi (Germanic tribe)">Marsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiaci" title="Mattiaci">Mattiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njars" title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texandri" title="Texandri">Toxandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagoth" title="Vagoth">Vagoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisci" title="Varisci">Varisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoviloth" title="Vinoviloth">Vinoviloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warini" title="Warini">Warini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Christianization of the Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization of Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Christianization of Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Germanic_peoples" title="Category:Germanic peoples">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>'
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node)
false
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)
'1713418940'